{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:07:28Z","timestamp":1790622448845,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,28]],"date-time":"2018-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1527465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1043677"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1043677"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Clinic Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n To investigate the impact of neurocognitive functioning on the self\u2010focused processing styles of rumination and reflection, and the relationship to mood symptoms after severe traumatic brain injury (\n TBI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n \n A cross\u2010sectional design with a between\u2010group component comparing self\u2010focused processing styles and mood symptoms of adults with\n TBI<\/jats:styled-content>\n and age\u2010 and gender\u2010matched controls.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Method<\/jats:title>\n \n Fifty\u2010two participants with severe\n TBI<\/jats:styled-content>\n (75% male,\n M<\/jats:italic>\n age\u00a0=\u00a036.56,\n \n SD<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a012.39) completed cognitive tests of attention, memory, executive functioning and the Awareness Questionnaire, Reflection and Rumination Questionnaire (\n RRQ<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (\n DASS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2013 21). Fifty age\u2010 and gender\u2010matched controls completed the\n RRQ<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n DASS<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u201021.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n TBI<\/jats:styled-content>\n participants reported significantly greater mood symptoms than controls (\n p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n <\n \u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n .05); however, levels of rumination and reflection did not significantly differ.\n TBI<\/jats:styled-content>\n participants high on both reflection and rumination had significantly greater mood symptoms than those with high reflection and low rumination (\n p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n <\n \u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n .001). Higher levels of rumination and reflection were associated with better working memory and immediate and delayed verbal memory (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a0.36\u2013.43,\n p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n <\n \u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n .01). Higher levels of rumination were also associated with greater verbal fluency, self\u2010awareness, and mood symptoms (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a0.36\u2013.70,\n p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n <\n \u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n .01).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Individuals with better memory functioning may be more likely to engage in self\u2010focused processing after severe\n TBI<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Reflection without ruminative tendencies is more adaptive for mental health than reflection with rumination.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Practitioner points<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n \n Individuals with severe\n TBI<\/jats:styled-content>\n report more mood symptoms than non\u2010injured controls but do not differ on self\u2010focused processing.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Poorer memory function is related to lower levels of rumination and reflection.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Reflection without ruminative tendencies is adaptive for mental health after severe\n TBI<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Individuals with greater self\u2010awareness and ruminative tendencies are at increased risk of mental health problems following severe\n TBI<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Limitations<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n \n Rumination and reflection were assessed using a self\u2010report measure which assumes that people with severe\n TBI<\/jats:styled-content>\n are able to reliably report on self\u2010focused processing styles.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n The direction of associations between self\u2010focused processing, self\u2010awareness, and mood symptoms could not be determined due to the cross\u2010sectional design.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,29]],"date-time":"2018-05-29T00:18:57Z","timestamp":1527553137000},"page":"35-50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Self\u2010focused processing after severe traumatic brain injury: Relationship to neurocognitive functioning and mood symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1835-7094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"Ownsworth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Psychology Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Nathan Qld Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kynan","family":"Gooding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Psychology Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Nathan Qld Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Beadle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Applied Psychology Menzies Health Institute Queensland Griffith University Nathan Qld Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001199-200605000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"Army individual test battery. 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