{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T14:32:08Z","timestamp":1761748328478,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006354","name":"Butler University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["027716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["027716"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006354","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Clinic Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined the effect of whether participants were on or off their medications and the effect of questionnaire wording on self\u2010reported symptoms in young adults with ADHD. Additionally, this research evaluated the relationships between these self\u2010reported symptoms and objective performance on measures of working memory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This experimental study utilized a mixed factorial design with one between\u2010subjects factor (whether participants were unmedicated or medicated at the time they completed their assessment) and one within\u2010subjects factor (whether participants reported their on\u2010medication or off\u2010medication symptoms when describing their ADHD subjective symptomatology).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty\u2010five young adults with ADHD (ages 18\u201323) completed a brief neuropsychological evaluation and several self\u2010report questionnaires.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although being medicated or unmedicated while completing the questionnaires did not directly affect self\u2010reported symptoms or their accuracy, questionnaire wording exerted a statistically significant effect on subjective symptomatology; participants described themselves as substantially more symptomatic at times when they are off than at times when they are on their medications. More importantly, their general self\u2010perceptions (symptoms when medication state was not specified) of their Inattention\/Memory Problems and their Hyperactivity\/Restlessness aligned with their descriptions of their off\u2010medication symptoms, whereas their general self\u2010perceptions of their Impulsivity\/Emotional Lability and Problems with Self\u2010Concept related to both their self\u2010reported off\u2010medication and on\u2010medication symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results highlight the necessity of specifying medication state when asking patients to report their current symptomatology. Failing to do so risks an over\u2010reporting of symptoms from patients who are typically on medications as they may describe the extent of their unmedicated, rather than medicated, symptomatology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practitioner points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Being medicated or unmedicated while completing questionnaires about subjective symptomatology did not directly affect self\u2010reported symptoms of young adults with ADHD or the accuracy of these self\u2010reports.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>When medication state was not specified on a questionnaire, young adults with ADHD reported symptoms similar to those they experience when they are not medicated.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>These results highlight the importance of specifying medication state when asking young adults with ADHD to report their current symptomatology.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Failing to do so risks an over\u2010reporting of symptoms from patients who are typically on medications.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>These findings open the door for further research with larger and more diverse and representative samples of adults with ADHD to evaluate the accuracy of their subjective symptomatology relative to their objective abilities.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Future studies should also examine whether gender affects subjective symptoms, their accuracy, or the influence of question wording and medications on self\u2010reported symptomatology of adults with ADHD, as the current study was unable to address this important issue.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T05:18:03Z","timestamp":1609737483000},"page":"252-269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effect of medication and question wording on self\u2010reported symptoms and their accuracy in young adults with attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity 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