{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:06:32Z","timestamp":1777377992945,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Clinic Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n Paranoia manifests similarly in subclinical and clinical populations and is related to distress and impairment. Previous work links paranoia to amygdala hyperactivity and reduced activation of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), a region thought to regulate amygdala activity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to reduce subclinical paranoia in 40 undergraduates by increasing activity of the VLPFC via single\u2010session transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). A double\u2010blind, crossover (active vs. sham stimulation) design was used.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Paranoia significantly decreased after active stimulation (\n \n d\n z<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.51) but not sham (\n \n d\n z<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0=\u00a00.19), suggesting that tDCS of VLPFC was associated with mean\u2010level reductions in paranoia.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n These findings demonstrate preliminary support for the role of single\u2010session active stimulation to the VLPFC for reducing subclinical paranoia in healthy individuals.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Practitioner points<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n In both clinical and subclinical populations, paranoia is related to distress and poorer functional outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Paranoia has been linked to overactivation of the amygdala, a brain region responsible for detecting salience and threat, and reduced activation of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), a region thought to modulate and regulate amygdala activity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n In this study, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the VLPFC reduced self\u2010reported paranoia in healthy undergraduate students.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n tDCS may be a promising intervention for reducing paranoia in subclinical and clinical populations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Effects were relatively small and require replication with larger subclinical samples and with clinical samples.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T12:14:51Z","timestamp":1619698491000},"page":"333-338","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Preliminary evidence for the efficacy of single\u2010session transcranial direct current stimulation to the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex for reducing subclinical paranoia in healthy individuals"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Cassi R.","family":"Springfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences The University of Texas at Dallas Richardson Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rabab S.","family":"Isa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dell Medical School The University of Texas at Austin Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily L.","family":"Bass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science Indiana University \u2013 Purdue University Indianapolis Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Vanneste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Brain Health Institute Institute of Neuroscience Trinity College Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2803-4520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy E.","family":"Pinkham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences The University of Texas at Dallas Richardson Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.249730"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.119032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(03)00051-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.62.1.129"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466501163670"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.5.568"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbn031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.04.016"},{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Mini\u2010International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM\u2010IV and ICD\u201010","volume":"59","author":"Sheehan D. V.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.01.059"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Clinical Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bjc.12297","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/bjc.12297","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bjc.12297","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T11:08:01Z","timestamp":1761736081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bjc.12297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bjc.12297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjc.12297","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0144-6657","2044-8260"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0144-6657","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-8260","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-11-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}