{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:55:48Z","timestamp":1791485748328,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,19]],"date-time":"2021-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Clinic Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Psychosis has a strong social component and often involves the experience of being affected by \u2018illusory social agents\u2019. However, this experience remains under\u2010characterized, particularly for social agents in delusions and non\u2010vocal hallucinations. One useful approach is a form of computational linguistics called corpus linguistics that studies texts to identify patterns of meaning encoded in both the semantics and linguistic structure of the text.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty people living with psychosis were recruited from community and inpatient services. They participated in open\u2010ended interviews on their experiences of social agents in psychosis and completed a measure of psychotic symptoms. Corpus linguistics analysis was used to identify key phenomenological features of vocal and non\u2010vocal social agents in psychosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social agents i) are represented with varying levels of richness in participants\u2019 experiences, ii) are attributed with different kinds of identities including physical characteristics and names, iii) are perceived to have internal states and motivations that are different from those of the participants, and iv) interact with participants in various ways including through communicative speech acts, affecting participants\u2019 bodies, and moving through space. These representations were equally rich for agents associated with hallucinated voices and those associated with non\u2010vocal hallucinations and delusions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We show that the experience of illusory social agents is a rich and complex social experience reflecting many aspects of genuine social interaction and is not solely present in auditory hallucinations, but also in delusions and non\u2010vocal hallucinations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practitioner Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The experience of being affected by illusory social agents in psychosis extends beyond hallucinated voices.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>They are a rich and complex social experience reflecting many aspects of genuine social interaction.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>These are also likely to be a source of significant distress and disability.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12329","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,20]],"date-time":"2021-09-20T01:20:44Z","timestamp":1632100844000},"page":"349-363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Illusory social agents within and beyond voices: A\u00a0computational linguistics analysis of the experience of psychosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3410-9808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisha","family":"Shiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology University College London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3445-6861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zs\u00f3fia","family":"Demj\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Centre for Applied Linguistics University College London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8616-4847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaughan","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology University College London UK"},{"name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"Auditory verbal hallucinations: Social but how?","volume":"23","author":"Alderson\u2010Day B.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Consciousness Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa095"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"The BNC handbook: exploring the British National Corpus with SARA","author":"Aston G.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Sociolinguistics and corpus linguistics","author":"Baker P.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17522431003615622"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001723"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702616677079"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/ijcl.20.2.01bre"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"Brezina V. 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