{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T18:10:02Z","timestamp":1779991802641,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Clinic Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A key feature of blood\u2010injection\u2010injury (BII) phobia is activation of disgust responses, in addition to fear. Yet, standard treatments have largely neglected addressing disgust responses. The disorder is further complicated by fainting in 75% of sufferers. Moreover, treatments have been traditionally delivered in an individual format, which may not be as efficient as group treatment. The aim of this study was to develop a group\u2010based programme for BII phobia, with components targeting fear, disgust, and fainting, to determine feasibility and effectiveness of such an intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants took part in an 8\u2010session, group\u2010based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) programme for BII phobia (\n                      <jats:italic>N\u2009<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u200940). The key outcome measure was the Multidimensional Blood\/Injury Phobia Inventory, which assesses a range of phobic stimuli and responses (including fear, disgust, and fainting).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were significant improvements, with large effect sizes, across symptoms over the course of treatment. Participants with higher disgust sensitivity reported higher pre\u2010treatment symptom severity and greater life interference than those with lower disgust scores. Despite this, neither pre\u2010treatment disgust sensitivity nor fainting history impacted on treatment response. For the first time, however, we showed that greater reductions in disgust to BII stimuli were associated with greater overall symptom reductions, highlighting the importance of disgust in the treatment of this disorder, and potentially others.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the heterogeneous nature of BII phobia, this group\u2010based, modified CBT intervention was effective in reducing a variety of phobic responses, including fear, disgust, and fainting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practitioner points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Disgust is a key maintaining factor in blood\u2010injection\u2010injury phobia, which clinicians should consider in their assessment and treatment of this disorder. There is little in the existing literature to guide clinicians in this regard.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>This study examined a novel group treatment for blood\u2010injection\u2010injury phobia which included strategies to target disgust, in addition to traditional CBT strategies to address fear and fainting.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The treatment was feasible and acceptable. Symptoms of fear, disgust, and fainting reduced significantly over treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Changes in disgust symptoms were associated with overall symptom changes, however a control group is needed to determine the effects of individual treatment components and to make more robust conclusions about the benefits of this enhanced approach.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T02:14:38Z","timestamp":1636424078000},"page":"494-509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A comprehensive group\u2010based cognitive behavioural treatment for blood\u2010injection\u2010injury phobia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Mason","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit for Anxiety and Depression St Vincent\u2019s Hospital Darlinghurst New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan E.","family":"Gaston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Emotional Health Department of Psychology Macquarie University North Ryde New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmela F.","family":"Pestell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"The validity and reliability study of MBPI (Multidimensional Blood\/Injury Phobia Inventory)","volume":"25","author":"Ak S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Overcoming medical phobias: How to conquer fear of blood, needles, doctors & dentists","author":"Antony M. 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