{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T11:56:10Z","timestamp":1777722970947,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013802","name":"Mental Health Research Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013802","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Clinic Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Social safeness, the affective experience of being comforted and soothed by others, promotes positive mental health and when compromised, contributes to mental illness. Although there is some knowledge about the factors that give rise to social safeness, research has focused on developmental predictors such as parental warmth, leaving it unclear how adults who lacked these early experiences can feel socially safe. Self\u2010compassion is a skill that can be cultivated; it involves directing warmth inward and may thereby facilitate emotional states akin to social safeness. We tested this theory in a population known for low social safeness, adults with eating disorders, by examining whether increases in self\u2010compassion facilitated subsequent increases in social safeness during a cognitive\u2010behavioural group\u2010based treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A longitudinal design was used.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty\u2010six patients with eating disorders completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, Self\u2010Compassion Scale, and Social Safeness and Pleasure Scale approximately every three weeks over a 12\u2010week intensive eating disorder treatment program.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multilevel modelling revealed that following periods of increased self\u2010compassion, individuals reported higher levels of social safeness (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>t1<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009.16, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01; <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>t2<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009.18, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). Additionally, individuals with higher average levels of self\u2010compassion over the course of treatment experienced higher social safeness (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.53, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings suggest that the cultivation of self\u2010compassion may facilitate the feelings of social safeness that individuals with eating disorders generally lack. Results therefore highlight the role that the development of self\u2010compassion can play in fostering social safeness in people with psychological disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12542","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T21:47:37Z","timestamp":1743544057000},"page":"829-843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Self\u2010compassion promotes social safeness in patients with eating disorders: A 12\u2010week longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3149-6128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleece","family":"Katan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Waterloo  Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline C.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Memorial University of Newfoundland  St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5956-1396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison C.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Waterloo  Waterloo Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0120\u20100534(15)30005\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671\u2010014\u20100277\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.109670"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24193\/jebp.2022.1.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101921"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1614\u20102241\/a000062"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671\u2010012\u20100158\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2013.838992"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10615\u2010016\u20100582\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.08.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pst0000173"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","first-page":"392","article-title":"Relationship between social safeness and resilience amongst college students: An empirical study","volume":"12","author":"Chakroborty S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Positive Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.112.1.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","volume-title":"The neuroscience of human relationships: Attachment and the developing social brain","author":"Cozolino L.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.093008.100356"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12385"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12671\u2010017\u20100792\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2019.109680"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098\u2010108X(199412)16:4<363::AID\u2010EAT2260160405>3.0.CO;2\u2010#"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519\u2010017\u20100449\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.06.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-22348-8_22"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203003459"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.bp.107.005264"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203851197"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","volume-title":"Living like crazy","author":"Gilbert P.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003035879-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12466"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/147608310x526511"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760801999461"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"An exploration of different types of positive affect in students and patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"6","author":"Gilbert P.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropsychiatry: Journal of Treatment Evaluation"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.507"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037336"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20747"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.2015.1135779"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440\u20101614.2003.01131.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359\u2010022\u201001020\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2024.2346373"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2050\u20102974\u20102\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2016.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22930"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608\u2010011\u20109432\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702618812438"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559507303778"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1614\u20102241.1.3.86"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105316656771"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2017.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.2017.1393380"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23474"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s1352465812001099"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000911"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/agjsr\u201004\u20102022\u20100011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.12313"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2018.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860309032"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jasp.12921"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jcsp.2020\u20100058"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519\u2010017\u20100384\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.702"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144\u2010015\u20109359\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","volume-title":"The developing mind: How relationships and the brain interact to shape who we are","author":"Siegel D. J.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22076"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","volume-title":"Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling","author":"Snijders T. A. B.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000268"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2022.2130820"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Clinical Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bjc.12542","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T21:22:21Z","timestamp":1759958541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bjc.12542"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bjc.12542"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjc.12542","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0144-6657","2044-8260"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0144-6657","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-8260","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}