{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T03:58:01Z","timestamp":1784606281660,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Clinic Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID\u201019 pandemic affected mental health worldwide, including obsessive\u2010compulsive symptoms (OCS) and, specifically, contamination\u2010related OCS (C\u2010OCS). This study aimed to map these symptoms' trajectories over four years, thus providing the longest known observational timeline of OCS during and after a pandemic. Longitudinal data on OCS spanning this period offer the rare opportunity to examine how external crises intersect with symptom trajectories over time, offering insights into patterns of symptom fluctuation and remission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a longitudinal panel study with 1,214 participants from the German general population assessed at the onset of the pandemic (T1), three months later (T2) and 12\u2009months after T1 (T3), followed by annual assessments (T4, T5, T6).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We measured OCS and C\u2010OCS using the Obsessive\u2010Compulsive Inventory\u2010Revised and calculated mixed\u2010effect models for repeated measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Analyses indicated a significant but declining increase in OCS from T1 to T2, T3 and T4 (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u2212.11 to \u2212.05), with symptoms returning to baseline levels during annual assessments at T5 (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u2212.02) and T6 (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.03). By contrast, C\u2010OCS consistently and significantly decreased at each timepoint, indicating a steady reduction in symptom severity over the assessment period (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.12 to .46).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The initial OCS spike reflects stress and uncertainty in the population, while the steady C\u2010OCS improvement may be due to the normalization of hygiene practices over time. These patterns highlight the impact of pandemic\u2010related health management on C\u2010OCS. Factors affecting the general population that are linked to these symptoms can contribute to an individual's deterioration (for example promotion of hygiene practices). Understanding these dynamics contributes to a better understanding of C\u2010OCS and associated risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.70015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T04:33:50Z","timestamp":1760589230000},"page":"236-249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Echoes of ease: Tracing the course of obsessive\u2010compulsive symptoms in the aftermath of a pandemic\u2014Insights from a four\u2010year panel study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0172-0248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lea","family":"Schuurmans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1255-6466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Baumeister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4638-0489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja S.","family":"G\u00f6ritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioral Health Technology University of Augsburg  Augsburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8601-0143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steffen","family":"Moritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2845-8665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franziska","family":"Miegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5292-350X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena","family":"Jelinek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17196986"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862\u2010005\u20102411\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2021.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983\u2010021\u201000405\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.1548"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723002295"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","unstructured":"Bove D. 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