{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T09:46:56Z","timestamp":1791798416073,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775952000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010790","name":"Erasmus+","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Clinic Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Facial emotion recognition (FER) is fundamental for social interaction, yet this ability is often impaired in attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While research has documented these difficulties, two key questions remain: Are these deficits specific to recognising emotions or do they reflect broader challenges in face processing? Does the increasingly documented co\u2010occurrence of ADHD and ASD exacerbate these difficulties?<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We compared emotion discrimination thresholds (EDT) in\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200992 participants aged 17\u201345\u2009years (mean\u2009=\u200928.5, SD\u2009=\u20097.2), including 22 autistic\u2010only, 24 ADHD\u2010only, 22 co\u2010occurring ADHD+ASD and 24 typically\u2010developing individuals. We measured EDT with faces gradually changing from a neutral to an emotional expression (angry, fearful, happy or sad) and designed a non\u2010emotional control task. Using eye tracking, we ruled out potential differences in visual attention to facial features between groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We showed a specific disadvantage in emotion in the clinical groups, with increased EDT in all three clinical groups, with effect sizes ranging from .43 for co\u2010occurring ADHD+ASD to .77 for autistic\u2010only. Crucially, emotion recognition deficits were not amplified by the co\u2010occurrence of ADHD and ASD, when considering performance in the control task.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study possibly suggests equal mechanisms underlying reduced FER in ASD and ADHD. This mechanism should be identified to develop targeted interventions addressing social cognitive challenges in ASD and ADHD, improving social integration and well\u2010being. Clinicians should recognise that FER difficulties are shared across both conditions, since a primary association with ASD may lead to unwarranted assumptions of ASD co\u2010occurrence in ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjc.70056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T06:50:53Z","timestamp":1776063053000},"page":"981-999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["No added cost: Emotion recognition in co\u2010occurring\n                    <scp>ADHD<\/scp>\n                    and\n                    <scp>ASD<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9395-0894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene Sophia","family":"Plank","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital LMU Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6001-0763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaltrina","family":"Krasniqi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital LMU Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9600-2904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Pior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital LMU Munich  Munich Germany"},{"name":"Department of Sociology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences University of Groningen  Groningen Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience Maastricht University  Maastricht Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4278-076X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital LMU Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5574-8919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine M.","family":"Falter\u2010Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital LMU Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920\u2010019\u20101020\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11101366"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","volume-title":"OpenFace 2.0: Facial Behavior Analysis Toolkit","author":"Baltrusaitis T.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01599.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00328"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.02815"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2013.61"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002573"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2018.1440295"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aut.2020.0014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787\u2010018\u20101174\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298468"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613221117914"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613221142383"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.1.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612463582"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2005.11.071"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2018.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v092.i10"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2011.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-010-9138-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","volume-title":"Beck\u2010depressions\u2010inventar (BDI)","author":"Hautzinger M.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/1076998606298043"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.12.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.10.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428\u2010018\u20101135\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.08.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291704002892"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2018.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010010\u20101032\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2025.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleiner M. Brainard D. &Pelli D.(2007).What's new in psychtoolbox\u20103? 14.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03010066070360S101","DOI":"10.1177\/03010066070360S101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245918771304"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215\u20100366(19)30289\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gby065"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","volume-title":"Mehrfachwahl\u2010Wortschatz\u2010Intelligenztest: MWT\u2010B","author":"Lehrl S.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","unstructured":"Leiner D. J.(2019).SoSci survey (Version 3.1.06) [Computer software].https:\/\/www.soscisurvey.de"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2021.101000"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40489\u2010023\u201000407\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579414000479"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","volume-title":"The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces\u2014KDEF, CD ROM from Department of Clinical Neuroscience","author":"Lundqvist D.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frcha.2024.1520854"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221\u2010018\u20105300\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/15.15.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.1.188"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231154901"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acx055"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2022.2105819"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsaf112"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plank I. S. Pior A. Yurova A. Nowak J. Shi Z. &Falter\u2010Wagner C.(2025).Revisiting the Bayesian brain: Predictive processes of facial emotion recognition in autism (Zrhyw_v1). PsyArXivhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/zrhyw_v1","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/zrhyw_v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/IMAG.a.942"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plank I. S. Yurova A. Pior A. Nowak J. Shi Z. &Falter\u2010Wagner C.(2025).Bayesian brain in ADHD: Potential catecholaminergic pathway of volatility estimation (Yajsb_v1). PsyArXivhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/yajsb_v1","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/yajsb_v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406\u2010024\u201001894\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2019.00076"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010020\u201004665\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000275"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715577992"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547241297005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691617708630"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","unstructured":"The GIMP Development Team. (2022).GIMP(Version 2.10.32) [Computer software].www.gimp.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010012\u20101695\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42113\u2010021\u201000113\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428\u2010016\u20100721\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201081987\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229\u2010020\u201000396\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","volume-title":"CFT 20\u2010R: Grundintelligenztest Skala 2\u2010Revision","author":"Wei\u00df R.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","volume-title":"PANGEA: Power ANalysis for general Anova designs","author":"Westfall J.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2019).International classification of diseases eleventh revision (ICD\u201011).https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse11"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","unstructured":"World Medical Association. (2024).WMA Declaration of Helsinki\u2014Ethical principles for medical research involving human participants.https:\/\/www.wma.net\/policies\u2010post\/wma\u2010declaration\u2010of\u2010helsinki\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.104518"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1340"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Clinical Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bjc.70056","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/bjc.70056","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bjc.70056","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T09:02:38Z","timestamp":1791795758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bjc.70056"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bjc.70056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjc.70056","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.31234\/osf.io\/htkve_v2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0144-6657","2044-8260"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0144-6657","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-8260","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}