{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T05:12:01Z","timestamp":1788757921495,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001262","name":"Baily Thomas Charitable Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TRUST\/VC\/AC\/SG\/6299\u20109546"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TRUST\/VC\/AC\/SG\/6299\u20109546"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001262","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000269","name":"Economic and Social Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/X013561\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/X013561\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J of Dev Psycho"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Research on genetic syndromes is vital to our understanding of how development unfolds, but the rarity of genetic syndromes can mean that studies are carried out with small sample sizes. Small sample sizes can reduce the statistical power of a study to produce reliable and replicable results. Here, we review all UK journal articles on three target genetic syndromes published from 2013 to 2022. There were 368 eligible articles. The median sample size of genetic syndrome groups was\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200930, and only 6.5% of articles reported a power analysis. Power analysis was performed on the 123 articles classed as \u2018Cognitive\u2019 research, as a test case. This demonstrated an average power of only 54% for a medium effect size and an alpha of 0.05. This is well below the recommended threshold of 80% power. The low power of UK genetic syndrome research has consequences for the replicability of the field due to the risk of Type II errors and reduced precision in effect size estimates, as well as implications for the communities that this research seeks to serve. We provide suggestions for researchers, journal editors and funders for improving the replicability of the field of genetic syndrome research.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjdp.70065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T12:47:36Z","timestamp":1787748456000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Statistical power in\n                    <scp>UK<\/scp>\n                    genetic syndrome research; evidence from studies of Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome and Williams syndrome as model syndrome groups"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6409-0875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily K.","family":"Farran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Surrey  Guildford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Alexiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Surrey  Guildford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0446-0827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik","family":"Danielsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning Link\u00f6ping University  Link\u00f6ping Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8838-4920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla","family":"Orefice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation University of Padova  Padua Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1289-9782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Cristescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Surrey  Guildford UK"},{"name":"Department of Disability, Inclusion and Special Needs, School of Education University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7246-8003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Pellicano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5316-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo","family":"Van Herwegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Human Development, UCL, Institute of Education University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6371-8875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaia","family":"Scerif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022\u20100965(03)00026\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.114.303819"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12439"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"Bullen J. C. Costello K. Siddiqui Z. Farran E. K. Van Herwegen J. &Scerif G.(2025).Data Tracking in Neurodivergent Samples.https:\/\/osf.io\/gazsd\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulus M.(2023).pwrss: Statistical Power and Sample Size Calculation Tools. R package version 0.3.1.https:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=pwrss","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.pwrss"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3475"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562\u2010018\u20100399\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"Champely S.(2020)._pwr: Basic Functions for Power Analysis_. R package version 1.3\u20100.https:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=pwr."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033\u20102909.112.1.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cristescu L. Scerif G. Pellicano L. Van Herwegen J. &Farran E. K.(2024).Shape Research Change Lives: Setting priorities in genetic syndrome research.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31234\/osf.io\/whbfp","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/whbfp"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","unstructured":"Cristescu L. Scerif G. Pellicano L. Van Herwegen J. &Farran E. K.(submitted a).Are UK research priorities aligned? Comparing the research priorities of the Down syndrome Fragile X syndrome and Williams syndrome communities with the research and funding landscape."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","unstructured":"Cristescu L. Scerif G. Pellicano L. Van Herwegen J. &Farran E. K.(submitted b).\u201cShifting and sharing the power\u201d in research: Views and perspectives on research priorities from the Down syndrome Fragile X syndrome and Williams syndrome communities."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431\u2010020\u201000748\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desachy T. Thevenet M. Garcia S. Lightning A. Didier A. Mandairon N. &Kuczewski N.(2024).Enhancing statistical power while maintaining small sample sizes in behavioral neuroscience experiments evaluating success rates. bioRxiv: The Preprint Server for Biology 2024\u201007.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.07.25.605060","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.07.25.605060"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1398"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","volume-title":"Neurodevelopmental disorders across the lifespan: A Neuroconstructivist approach","author":"Farran E. K.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13421"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.2307"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2022.101070"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","unstructured":"Hobson H.(2019 June 21).Power in Neurodevelopmental Disorders Research [Invited Oral Presentation]. Neurodevelopmental Disorder Annual Seminar 2019 Workshop Surrey UK.https:\/\/osf.io\/jftqa\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020124"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468\u20100009.2012.00665.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","volume-title":"The theory of probability, Third Edition","author":"Jeffreys S. 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L. K. Rinke E. McGarrigle R. Lynott D. Lunny C. Lautarescu A. Galizzi M. M. Farran E. K. &Crook Z.(2020).Pre\u2010registration and Registered Reports: a Primer from UKRN.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31219\/osf.io\/8v2n7","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/8v2n7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2000797"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","unstructured":"UK Research and Innovation. (2025).UKRI announces first UK\u2010wide birth cohort study in 25\u2009years. 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