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We recorded electrodermal activity (EDA) peaks as an indicator of physiological arousal and collected self\u2010reports of surprise, curiosity, confusion, enjoyment and boredom across three SRL phases. Two\u2010way mixed\u2010design ANOVAs examined variations in the focal emotion and EDA peaks across the forethought, performance and self\u2010reflection phases, comparing high\u2010 and low\u2010performing groups. Temporal network analysis was used to identify transition patterns between emotions during the self\u2010regulated problem\u2010solving process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epistemic emotions varied distinctly by performance level and SRL phase. For instance, high performers' confusion decreased over time, while low performers showed persistently high confusion. EDA peaks were more frequent during forethought and self\u2010reflection phases for both groups. More importantly, temporal network analysis revealed several key emotional transitions, including surprise\/curiosity \u2192 confusion and enjoyment \u2192 surprise\/boredom.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, this study offers empirical insights into the temporal trajectories of epistemic emotions, informing targeted emotional scaffolding across learning phases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.70073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T03:45:26Z","timestamp":1773719126000},"page":"1188-1205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unravelling dynamic trajectories of epistemic emotions in a technology\u2010enhanced problem\u2010solving task: A multimodal data approach"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Tingting","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education Renmin University of China  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education the Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shasha","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education McGill University  Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education McGill University  Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Curriculum and Instruction The Education University of Hong Kong  Hong\u00a0Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne P.","family":"Lajoie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Education McGill University  Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000792"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2022.102233"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"422","volume-title":"Handbook of self\u2010regulation of learning and performance","author":"Boekaerts M.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012109890-2\/50030-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-015-0069-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1126-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2019.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2014.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2011.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-006-9003-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10872981.2021.1953953"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2019.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-019-10059-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2011.538645"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-024-09896-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11336-020-09697-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"Epskamp S.(2021).Psychonetrics: Structural equation modelling and confirmatory network analysis. 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