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Antiphospholipid antibodies (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aPL<\/jats:styled-content>), particularly against the phospholipid binding protein beta\u20102 glycoprotein I (\u03b22<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPI<\/jats:styled-content>), play an important role in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APS<\/jats:styled-content> pathological mechanisms. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">aPL<\/jats:styled-content> can activate intracellular signal transduction in a \u03b22<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010dependent manner to induce inflammatory responses, and promote hypercoagulable state and recurrent spontaneous abortion when \u03b22<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPI<\/jats:styled-content> is associated with the cell surface receptor. <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> studies show that Annexin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>2 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ANXA<\/jats:styled-content>2) is the high affinity receptor that connects \u03b22<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPI<\/jats:styled-content> to the target cells. However, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ANXA<\/jats:styled-content>2 is not a transmembrane protein and lacks an intracellular signal transduction pathway. Growing evidences suggest that the transmembrane protein toll\u2010like receptor 4 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4) might act as an \u2018adaptor\u2019 for intracellular signal transduction. This review focuses on the role of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TLR<\/jats:styled-content>4 and its signalling pathway in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APS<\/jats:styled-content> pathological mechanisms which will help us better understand the pathological processes of this syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T21:19:48Z","timestamp":1383340788000},"page":"165-176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The role of <scp>TLR<\/scp>4 in pathophysiology of antiphospholipid syndrome\u2010associated thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Hongxiang","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory and 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