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In this cross\u2010sectional study we performed a multiparameter analysis of 18 immune markers in 114 paediatric <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCD<\/jats:styled-content> patients divided by treatment group [those receiving hydroxycrabamide (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>, previously termed hydroxyurea), chronic transfusion (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>), or no disease\u2010modifying therapy] and 29 age\u2010matched African American healthy controls. We found global elevation of most immune cell counts in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCD<\/jats:styled-content> patients receiving no disease\u2010modifying therapy at steady state. Despite the decrease in percentage of haemoglobin S associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content> therapy, the abnormal cellular immune phenotype persisted in patients on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>. In contrast, in both univariate and multivariate analysis, treatment with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content> was associated with normalization of the vast majority of leucocyte populations. This study provides additional support for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content> treatment in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCD<\/jats:styled-content>, as it appears that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content> decreases the abnormally elevated immune cell counts in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,5]],"date-time":"2015-03-05T23:43:00Z","timestamp":1425598980000},"page":"574-583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Immune parameter analysis of children with sickle cell disease on hydroxycarbamide or chronic transfusion therapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Nickel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders 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