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In this study, we have shown that residual <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MM<\/jats:styled-content> cells following bortezomib treatment are hypoxic. This combination of drug exposure and hypoxia down\u2010regulates their <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>138 expression, thereby making this marker unsuitable for detecting residual or other hypoxic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MM<\/jats:styled-content> cells, such as circulating tumour cells, in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MM<\/jats:styled-content>. Hence, we developed an alternative biomarker set which detects myeloma cells independent of their hypoxic and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>138 expression status <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic> and in primary <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MM<\/jats:styled-content> patients. The new markers were able to identify a clonal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>138\u2010negative population as minimal residual disease in the bone marrow and peripheral blood of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MM<\/jats:styled-content> patients. Further investigation to characterize the role of this population as a prognostic marker in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MM<\/jats:styled-content> is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,5]],"date-time":"2016-01-05T14:15:52Z","timestamp":1452003352000},"page":"70-81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A <scp>CD<\/scp>138\u2010independent strategy to detect minimal residual disease and circulating tumour cells in multiple myeloma"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"173","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Muz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Cancer Biology Division Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"de la Puente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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