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Much of the mystery has been solved, with all forms now considered to be of B\u2010cell origin, in most cases of germinal centre derivation. Today we recognize Hodgkin lymphoma as an eponym that encompasses multiple entities. One of the unifying themes is the major contribution from the tumour microenvironment. Both the character of the neoplastic cells and the nature of the immune environment are critical to accurate diagnosis. Moreover, an understanding of the molecular alterations that characterize both the neoplastic cells and their microenvironment have led to therapeutic advances, targeting both neoplastic and reactive components. Other conditions may foster a similar inflammatory milieu and lead to lymphoproliferations that mimic the Hodgkin lymphomas. In this review we provide an update on the diagnostic features of the various subtypes and include additional information relevant for prognostic evaluation and investigation of potential therapeutic targets. Additionally, we also discuss those conditions that often cause confusion in diagnosis and need to be distinguished from the Hodgkin lymphomas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,8]],"date-time":"2018-11-08T15:10:23Z","timestamp":1541689823000},"page":"45-59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":161,"title":["Diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma in the modern era"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Hao\u2010Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Hematopathology Section Laboratory of Pathology Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute Bethesda MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayalakshmi P.","family":"Balakrishna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Hematopathology Section Laboratory of Pathology Center for Cancer Research National Cancer 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