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The microenvironment is comprised predominately of inflammatory and immune cells with fibrosis in some cases. There are multiple dysregulated signalling pathways that sustain HL within this microenvironment, such as the Nuclear factor\u2010\u03baB and Janus kinase\/signal transducers and activators of transcription pathways. Advances in genomic medicine have enabled a better characterisation of the rare tumour cells and improved our understanding of the signalling mechanisms that exist between the malignant cell and its microenvironment. Current therapy for HL produces excellent clinical outcomes in most younger patients. However, problems with current treatment approaches include poorer outcomes in the elderly, toxicity of highly\u2010effective combination chemotherapy regimens and relapse in high\u2010risk patients. Better understanding of disease biology aids in upfront prognostication of patients, defines new methods for treatment monitoring and assists in the recognition of novel targets for therapy. Biology\u2010driven therapies, including anti\u2010CD30 antibody conjugates, cellular immunotherapies and immune modulation, particularly with checkpoint inhibitors, have changed treatment algorithms for relapsed\/refractory patients. Future challenges exist in incorporating immune\u2010based therapies earlier in treatment algorithms to reduce toxicity and prevent relapse for patients with HL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,12]],"date-time":"2018-11-12T11:05:53Z","timestamp":1542020753000},"page":"30-44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The translational science of hodgkin lymphoma"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Melita","family":"Cirillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology Royal Perth Hospital Perth Australia"},{"name":"Department I of Internal Medicine German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG) Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Reinke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Hematopathology Section University Hospital 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