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Abnormal<jats:italic>S100 calcium binding protein<\/jats:italic>A16 (<jats:italic>S100A16<\/jats:italic>) has been implicated in various cancers, but its function remains unclear. We found<jats:italic>S100A16<\/jats:italic>transcript levels were higher in 130 adults with newly\u2010diagnosed Ph\u2010negative B\u2010cell<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALL<\/jats:styled-content>compared with 33 healthy controls. In 115 of 130 patients who achieved first complete remission, those with high<jats:italic>S100A16<\/jats:italic>transcript levels displayed a lower 3\u2010year cumulative incidence of relapse (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIR<\/jats:styled-content>; 34% [21, 47%] vs. 40% [48, 72%];<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0\u00b7012) and higher 3\u2010year relapse\u2010free survival (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RFS<\/jats:styled-content>; 65% [53, 78%] vs. 35% [23, 46%];<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0\u00b7012), especially when receiving chemotherapy only. In multivariate analysis a low<jats:italic>S100A16<\/jats:italic>transcript level was independently\u2010associated with a higher<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIR<\/jats:styled-content>(Hazard ratio [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content>]\u00a0=\u00a03\u00b774 [1\u00b701\u201313\u00b782];<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0\u00b7048) and inferior<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RFS<\/jats:styled-content>(<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a05\u00b778 [1\u00b791, 17\u00b784];<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0\u00b7001). Function analysis indicated that knockdown of<jats:italic>S100A16<\/jats:italic>promoted proliferation and anti\u2010apoptosis and reduced chemosensitivity.<jats:italic>S100A16<\/jats:italic>over\u2010expression revealed an opposite trend, especially in a xeno\u2010transplant mouse model. Western blotting analysis showed upregulation of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PI<\/jats:styled-content>3K\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AKT<\/jats:styled-content>and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ERK<\/jats:styled-content>1\/2 in<jats:italic>S100A16<\/jats:italic>\u2010knockdown and<jats:italic>S100A16<\/jats:italic>\u2010overexpression B\u2010cell<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALL<\/jats:styled-content>cell lines respectively. Inhibition assays suggested these two signalling pathways participated in the<jats:italic>S100A16<\/jats:italic>\u2010mediated proliferation and survival effects in B\u2010cell<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ALL<\/jats:styled-content>cell lines.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Trial Registration:<\/jats:bold>Registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry [Chi<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CTR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OCH<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010000940];<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\">http:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]],"date-time":"2019-03-27T21:29:42Z","timestamp":1553722182000},"page":"836-851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["<i>S100A16<\/i>suppresses the growth and survival of leukaemia cells\u00a0and correlates with relapse and relapse free survival in adults with Philadelphia chromosome\u2010negative B\u2010cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"185","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5419-9463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking University People\u2019s Hospital Peking University Institute of Haematology Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Beijing 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