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White matter (WM) and cortical and subcortical grey matter (GM), structures may have reduced volume in patients with SCA. This study focuses on whether silent cerebral infarction (SCI), vasculopathy or anaemia affects WM and regional GM volumes in children living in Africa. Children with SCA (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0144; aged 5\u201320\u2009years; 74 male) and sibling controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a053; aged 5\u201317\u2009years; 29 male) underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Effects of SCI (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a037), vasculopathy (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a015), and haemoglobin were assessed. Compared with controls, after adjusting for age, sex and intracranial volume, patients with SCA had smaller volumes for WM and cortical, subcortical and total GM, as well as bilateral cerebellar cortex, globus pallidus, amygdala and right thalamus. Left globus pallidus volume was further reduced in patients with vasculopathy. Putamen and hippocampus volumes were larger in patients with SCA without SCI or vasculopathy than in controls. Significant positive effects of haemoglobin on regional GM volumes were confined to the controls. Patients with SCA generally have reduced GM volumes compared with controls, although some subcortical regions may be spared. SCI and vasculopathy may affect the trajectory of change in subcortical GM and WM volume. Brain volume in non\u2010SCA children may be vulnerable to contemporaneous anaemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.18503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T05:48:51Z","timestamp":1667540931000},"page":"114-124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Brain volume in Tanzanian children with sickle cell anaemia: A\u00a0neuroimaging study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"201","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0392-6258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mboka","family":"Jacob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar Es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1968-0072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie 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Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1682-0236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Upendo","family":"Masamu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili Sickle cell Program Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences Dar Es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7520-2975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin","family":"Shmueli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering UCL London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawn E.","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Neurosciences Section UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris 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