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This systematic literature review (January 2008\u2013October 2023) of clinical trials (CT) and real\u2010world studies (RW) assessed treatment outcomes in adults with relapsed\/refractory MM (RRMM) who were previously treated with \u22651 LOT, progressed and were lenalidomide\u2010refractory. Medline, EMBASE and additional electronic databases were searched for articles published in English. Primary outcomes included progression\u2010free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and overall\/objective response rate (ORR); 24 CT and 19 RW were included. For CT, the population\u2010weighted mean of median PFS (CT\u2009=\u200914) and OS (CT\u2009=\u20096) were shorter in the lenalidomide\u2010refractory cohort (months: 8.8 [\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092699] and 21.7 [\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091066], respectively) than the intent\u2010to\u2010treat population (months: 13.8 [\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20095380] and 35.9 [\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092264], respectively); the population\u2010weighted (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092142) mean ORR for lenalidomide\u2010refractory patients (CT\u2009=\u200918) was 56.0%. RW reported considerable variation in PFS (RW\u2009=\u20097), OS (RW\u2009=\u20098) and ORR (RW\u2009=\u20098); and median PFS (RW\u2009=\u20092; months) was lower in lenalidomide\/bortezomib\u2010refractory (5.5\/5.5;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200981\/\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200925) versus lenalidomide\u2010refractory (7.3\/8.0;\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200981\/\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200961) patients. These data provide evidence that clinical trials and real\u2010world outcomes are suboptimal in lenalidomide\u2010refractory patients with RRMM, highlighting the need to improve treatment options for this population.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.19627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T08:34:28Z","timestamp":1721378068000},"page":"780-797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Multiple myeloma refractory to lenalidomide: A systematic literature review of trials and real\u2010world evidence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"205","author":[{"given":"Monique A.","family":"Hartley\u2010Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology Harvard Medical School, Dana\u2010Farber Cancer Institute  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Division of Hematology Brigham and Women's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Weisel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section of Pneumology University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Bitetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Medical Affairs Oncology, GSK  Zug Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US HEOR, OPEN Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"McNamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Value Evidence and Outcomes, GSK  Stevenage Hertfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Purser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Value Evidence and Outcomes, GSK  Upper Providence Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Palumbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Medical Affairs Oncology, GSK  Zug Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7426-8865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul G.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology Harvard Medical School, Dana\u2010Farber Cancer Institute  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2015.129189"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26590"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"US Food & Drug Administration.FDA approves daratumumab for multiple myeloma ineligible for autologous stem cell transplant [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2024 Jun 14]. 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