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We evaluated OS among 50\u2009288 adults diagnosed with MM between 2000 and 2019 reported to have received initial chemo\/immunotherapy. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) using multivariable Cox regression to compare OS across calendar periods and within patient demographic groups. OS improved over time (2000\u20132004\u2009=\u2009reference; HR<jats:sub>2005\u20132009<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.77, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.75\u20130.79; HR<jats:sub>2010\u20132014<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.65, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.63\u20130.67; HR<jats:sub>2015\u20132019<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.56, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.54\u20130.58) with a similar pattern across age, sex, racial\u2010ethnic and county\u2010level median household income groups. However, demographic differences were noted within each calendar period and persisted in 2015\u20132019, with more favourable survival among females (males\u2009=\u2009reference; HR\u2009=\u20090.91, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.87\u20130.96) and consistently higher mortality among older patients (45\u201364\u2009years\u2009=\u2009reference; HR<jats:sub>65\u201379\u2009years<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20091.69, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.59\u20131.80; HR<jats:sub>\u226580\u2009years<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20093.32, 95% CI\u2009=\u20093.08\u20133.58); Black, Hispanic and Pacific Islander patients (White\u2009=\u2009reference; HR<jats:sub>Black<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20091.07, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.00\u20131.15; HR<jats:sub>Hispanic<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20091.08, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.00\u20131.16; HR<jats:sub>Pacific Islander<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20091.85, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.40\u20132.44); and patients living in counties with household incomes &lt;$75\u2009000. Despite progressive and significant improvement in patient survival following initial chemo\/immunotherapy for MM, unmet medical needs persisted among older age groups; males; Black, Hispanic and Pacific Islander patients; and those living in lower income counties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.20192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T01:25:16Z","timestamp":1749605116000},"page":"417-425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Temporal patterns in US population\u2010based patient survival among adults treated with chemotherapy and\/or immunotherapy for multiple myeloma, 2000\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"207","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3985-2935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gra\u00e7a M.","family":"Dores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Radiation Epidemiology Branch National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline B.","family":"Vo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Radiation Epidemiology Branch National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara J.","family":"Schonfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Radiation Epidemiology Branch National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaimie Z.","family":"Shing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kekoa","family":"Taparra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology Stanford Medicine  Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay M.","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Radiation Epidemiology Branch National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rochelle E.","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Radiation Epidemiology Branch National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha S.","family":"Linet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Radiation Epidemiology Branch National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Cancer Stat Facts: Myeloma. 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