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The targeting of these PF4 complexes by immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies underlies anti\u2010PF4 disorders such as heparin\u2010induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and Vaccine\u2010Induced Immune Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis (VITT)\/VITT\u2010like disorders. The formation of IgG\/PF4 immune complexes facilitates uncontrolled activation of platelets, neutrophils and monocytes, via IgG\u2010mediated Fc\u03b3 receptor binding. This promotes the thrombocytopenia and thrombosis characteristic of anti\u2010PF4 disorders. HIT is predominantly triggered by heparin exposure. VITT is a recently recognised anti\u2010PF4 disorder, which developed following specific SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccinations. It is thought that hexon proteins, components of adenoviral vectors, may form complexes with PF4 to trigger anti\u2010PF4 antibody production in VITT. A novel anti\u2010PF4 disorder has been recognised causing platelet activation without the administration of heparin or SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccination and referred to as \u2018VITT\u2010like disorder.\u2019 Clinical evaluation of HIT and VITT\/VITT\u2010like disorders is based on thrombotic events, platelet counts and D\u2010dimer levels. Laboratory assays such as heparin\/PF4\u2010induced platelet activation assays can be used to distinguish between HIT and VITT. Treatment plans for HIT and VITT may differ across patient groups. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of anti\u2010PF4 disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.20216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T03:40:05Z","timestamp":1751341205000},"page":"709-722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Anti\u2010\n                    <scp>PF4<\/scp>\n                    disorders: Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"207","author":[{"given":"Megan V.","family":"Preece","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devi V.","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation Imperial College London  London 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