{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T21:24:51Z","timestamp":1790457891335,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,7]],"date-time":"2013-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["British J Health Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n This study examined variables associated with post\u2010traumatic growth (\n PTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) in stroke carers and compared predictions of two models of\n PTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n within this population: the model of\n S<\/jats:styled-content>\n chaefer and\n M<\/jats:styled-content>\n oos was compared to that of\n T<\/jats:styled-content>\n edeschi and\n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n alhoun (1992,\n Personal coping: Theory, research, and application<\/jats:italic>\n . Westport,\n CT<\/jats:styled-content>\n : Praeger, 149; 1998,\n Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis<\/jats:italic>\n .\n M<\/jats:styled-content>\n ahwah,\n NJ<\/jats:styled-content>\n :\n L<\/jats:styled-content>\n awrence\n E<\/jats:styled-content>\n rlbaum, 99; 2004,\n Psychol. Inq., 15<\/jats:italic>\n , 1, respectively).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n A cross\u2010sectional survey design was employed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Carers of stroke survivors (\n N\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n =\n \u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n 71) completed questionnaires measuring\n PTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n , coping style, social support, survivor functioning, age, and carer quality of life. Correlation, multiple regression, and mediation analyses were used to test hypotheses.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n All carers completing the\n PTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n measure (\n N\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n =\n \u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n 70) reported growth, but average scores differed from cancer carers (\n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n hambers\n et\u00a0al<\/jats:italic>\n ., 2012,\n \n E<\/jats:styled-content>\n ur\n <\/jats:italic>\n .\n \n J<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n .\n \n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n ancer\n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n are,\n <\/jats:italic>\n 21, 213;\n T<\/jats:styled-content>\n hombre\n et\u00a0al<\/jats:italic>\n ., 2010,\n \n J<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n .\n \n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n sychosocial\n O<\/jats:styled-content>\n ncol.,\n <\/jats:italic>\n 28, 173).\n PTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n was positively correlated with deliberate and intrusive rumination, avoidance coping, social support, and quality of life. Regression analysis showed that factors identified by\n T<\/jats:styled-content>\n edeschi and\n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n alhoun (deliberate rumination, intrusive rumination, social support, acceptance coping, survivor functioning) accounted for 49% of variance in\n PTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n , whereas those identified by\n S<\/jats:styled-content>\n chaefer and\n M<\/jats:styled-content>\n oos (active coping, avoidance coping, social support, survivor functioning, and age) accounted for only 21%. Rumination, especially deliberate rumination, explained most variance in\n PTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n and mediated the effect of social support on\n PTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n The findings add to the limited body of evidence suggesting that stroke carers experience growth. Deliberate rumination and social support are important in explaining growth, and the findings support the model proposed by\n T<\/jats:styled-content>\n edeschi and\n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n alhoun over that of\n S<\/jats:styled-content>\n chaefer and\n M<\/jats:styled-content>\n oos.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Statement of contribution<\/jats:title>\n \n \n What is already known on this subject?<\/jats:bold>\n <\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:p>\n \n \n \n \n Literature on caring for stroke survivors focuses on negative outcomes (Ilse, Feys, de Wit, Putman, & de Weerdt, 2008) to the exclusion of positive outcomes such as post\u2010traumatic growth (\n PTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n ; Calhoun & Tedeschi, 1999).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Studies of a variety of health conditions have demonstrated that\n PTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n occurs in patients and carers after illness events and is associated with well\u2010being (Gangstad, Norman, & Barton, 2006; Helgeson, Reynolds, & Tomich, 2006; Kim, Schulz, & Carver, 2007).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Exploratory studies and studies of benefit finding have shown that\n PTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n occurs in stroke carers (Bacon, Milne, Sheikh, & Freeston, 2009; Buschenfeld, Morris, & Lockwood, 2009; Haley\n et\u00a0al<\/jats:italic>\n ., 2009; Thompson, 1991), but there are no studies using standard instruments to assess PTG in this population.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Moreover, current theories posit different explanations for\n PTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n (Schaefer & Moos, 1992, 1998; Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004), and there is a need for empirical tests (Park, 2010).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n \n \n What does this study add?<\/jats:bold>\n <\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:p>\n \n \n \n \n This study extends knowledge by measuring\n PTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n with a standard instrument in a sample of\n UK<\/jats:styled-content>\n stroke carers and investigating associated variables. The study also compared the predictive power of the models of\n PTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n proposed by Tedeschi and Calhoun (2004) and Schaefer and Moos (1992, 1998).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n PTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n was found in\n UK<\/jats:styled-content>\n stroke carers, but levels differed from cancer carers in other countries.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Factors associated with\n PTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n were identified;\n T<\/jats:styled-content>\n edeschi and\n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n alhoun's model best predicted\n PTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Deliberate rumination had a direct effect on\n PTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n and also mediated the effect of social support.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Deliberate rumination is a possible target for therapeutic interventions to enhance\n PTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,7]],"date-time":"2013-09-07T02:03:19Z","timestamp":1378519399000},"page":"619-635","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Post\u2010traumatic growth in stroke carers: A comparison of theories"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"William","family":"Hallam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology Cardiff University and Cardiff and Vale University Health Board UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reg","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychology, School of Psychology Cardiff University and Cardiff and Vale University Health Board UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540\u20104560.1998.tb01227.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288809164126"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465808005055"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04729.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280902736338"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007745627077"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410602268"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli1501_03"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/pb-50-1-2-125"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153476560501100406"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018417"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.56.2.267"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102354.2011.01288.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288809164103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.65030\/idr.08020","article-title":"Relationship between locus of control and posttraumatic growth","volume":"8","author":"Cummings J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Individual Differences Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","volume-title":"Manual for the adult carer quality of life questionnaire (AC\u2010QoL)","author":"Elwick H.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20109280.2009.02381.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014639"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026921559400800308"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280110045382"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.545269"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","volume-title":"Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression\u2010based approach","author":"Hayes A. 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