{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:27:11Z","timestamp":1791894431582,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006710","name":"Wayne State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["British J Health Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This preliminary study examined the effect of gain versus loss\u2010framed messaging as well as culturally targeted personal prevention messaging on African Americans' receptivity to colorectal cancer (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) screening. This research also examined mechanistic functions of perceived racism in response to message framing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Community samples of African Americans (\n                      <jats:italic>N\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      132) and White Americans (\n                      <jats:italic>N\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      50) who were non\u2010compliant with recommended\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      screening completed an online education module about\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , and were either exposed to a gain\u2010framed or loss\u2010framed message about\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      screening. Half of African Americans were exposed to an additional and culturally targeted self\u2010control message about personal prevention of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Theory of planned behavior measures of attitudes, normative beliefs, perceived behavioural control, and intentions to obtain a\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      screen served as primary outcomes. The effect of messaging on perceived racism was also measured as an outcome.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Consistent with prior research, White Americans were more receptive to\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      screening when exposed to a loss\u2010framed message. However, African Americans were more receptive when exposed to a gain\u2010framed message. The contrary effect of loss\u2010framed messaging on receptivity to screening among African Americans was mediated by an increase in perceived racism. However, including an additional and culturally targeted prevention message mitigated the adverse effect of a loss\u2010framed message.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study identifies an important potential cultural difference in the effect of message framing on illness screening among African Americans, while also suggesting a culturally relevant linking mechanism. This study also suggests the potential for simultaneously presented and culturally targeted messaging to alter the effects of gain and loss\u2010framed messaging on African Americans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:boxed-text content-type=\"box\" position=\"anchor\">\n                        <jats:caption>\n                          <jats:title>Statement of contribution<\/jats:title>\n                        <\/jats:caption>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          <jats:italic>\n                            <jats:bold>What is already known on this subject?<\/jats:bold>\n                          <\/jats:italic>\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                            <jats:list-item>\n                              <jats:p>African Americans are at an increased risk of both developing and dying from colorectal cancer (CRC). These disparities can be attributed in large part to deficits in the use of CRC screening among African Americans.<\/jats:p>\n                            <\/jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:list-item>\n                              <jats:p>Guided by prospect theory, available literature suggests that selectively pairing gain and loss\u2010framed messaging with illness prevention and detection can better promote adaptive health behaviour. Specifically, loss\u2010framed messages that emphasize the potential costs of failing to act may promote better use of illness detection behaviours, such as CRC screening.<\/jats:p>\n                            <\/jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:list-item>\n                              <jats:p>Emerging literature highlights the potential for cultural differences in the effects of gain and loss messaging on health behaviour, especially among collectivist or interdependent cultures.<\/jats:p>\n                            <\/jats:list-item>\n                          <\/jats:list>\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          <jats:italic>\n                            <jats:bold>What does this study add?<\/jats:bold>\n                          <\/jats:italic>\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                            <jats:list-item>\n                              <jats:p>This study is the first to identify a potential and important cultural difference in the effect of message framing on cancer screening among African Americans, whereby gain\u2010framed messaging better compelled receptivity to CRC screening.<\/jats:p>\n                            <\/jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:list-item>\n                              <jats:p>This study is also the first to show that the use of loss\u2010framed messaging may reduce receptivity to CRC screening among African Americans by increasing perceived racism.<\/jats:p>\n                            <\/jats:list-item>\n                            <jats:list-item>\n                              <jats:p>This study demonstrates that simultaneously including a culturally targeted personal prevention message may attenuate the negative effects of loss\u2010framed messaging on CRC screening among African Americans.<\/jats:p>\n                            <\/jats:list-item>\n                          <\/jats:list>\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:boxed-text>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,2]],"date-time":"2015-09-02T14:12:13Z","timestamp":1441203133000},"page":"249-267","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Gain versus loss\u2010framed messaging and colorectal cancer screening among African Americans: A preliminary examination of perceived racism and culturally targeted dual messaging"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Todd","family":"Lucas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Lenwood W.","family":"Hayman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Blessman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Health and Wellness Promotion City of Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanzoni","family":"Asabigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Wellness Promotion City of Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie M.","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572\u20100241.2005.41829.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"11","volume-title":"From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior","author":"Ajzen I.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"American Cancer Society(2012).Cancer facts and figures. 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