{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T08:18:08Z","timestamp":1778055488824,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000276","name":"Department of Health and Social Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002001","name":"Health Services and Delivery Research Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Health Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to identify psychological factors associated with the use of facemasks in shops in England following removal of legal requirements to do so, and to compare associations with and without legal restrictions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Repeated cross\u2010sectional online surveys (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2248\u20092000 adults) between August 2020 and April 2022 (68,716 responses from 45,682 participants) using quota sampling.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The outcome measure was whether those who had visited a shop for essentials in the previous seven days reported always having worn a facemask versus sometimes or not at all. Psychological predictor variables included worry, perceived risk and severity of COVID\u201019 and the perceived effectiveness of facemasks. Socio\u2010demographic variables and measures of clinical vulnerability were also measured. For the period following removal of legal restrictions, multivariable regression was used to assess associations between the primary outcome variable and predictors adjusting for socio\u2010demographic and clinical vulnerability measures. The analysis was repeated including interactions between psychological predictors and presence versus absence of legal restrictions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Worry about COVID\u201019, beliefs about risks and severity of COVID\u201019 and effectiveness of facemasks were substantially and independently associated with the use of facemasks. Removal of legal obligations to wear facemasks was associated with a 25% decrease in wearing facemasks and stronger associations between psychological predictors and wearing facemasks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Legal obligations increase rates of wearing a facemask. Psychological factors associated with wearing a facemask could be targets for interventions aiming to alter rates of wearing a facemask. These interventions may be more effective when there are no legal obligations to wear a face covering in place.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T01:40:55Z","timestamp":1691113255000},"page":"3-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Factors associated with wearing a facemask in shops in England following removal of a legal requirement to do so during the\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1277-2564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise E.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London  London UK"},{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6398-0921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Science and Health University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6200-8804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henry W. W.","family":"Potts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Informatics University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3481-6588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Aml\u00f4t","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response  London UK"},{"name":"Behavioural Science and Insights Unit UK Health Security Agency  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5792-2925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola T.","family":"Fear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London  London UK"},{"name":"King's Centre for Military Health Research and Academic Department of Military Mental Health King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4440-0570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. 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