{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T17:05:51Z","timestamp":1788973551464,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Health Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research examined whether different framings of the likelihood of side effects influence their occurrence in response to a placebo analgesic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three independent experimental studies in non\u2010clinical samples were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Study 1 investigated the effects of likelihood framing on side effect expectations, while Studies 2 and 3 investigated the effects of likelihood framing on side effect experiences in terms of nocebo side effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Study 1 (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009244) showed that participants had higher side expectations when the side effect likelihood was negatively framed (e.g. 1% occurrence) than positively framed (e.g. 99% no occurrence). Side effect expectations were also more negative when frequencies (e.g. 1 in 100) rather than percentages were used. Study 2 tested the effects of positive vs. negative framing and percentages vs. frequencies on the occurrence of itch as a side effect of a placebo analgesic cream, which was applied in an experimental heat pain paradigm in a non\u2010clinical sample (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009179). Only 11% reported itch, with no significant differences between conditions. Study 3 (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009110) increased the stated likelihood of itch, yet only 17% reported experiencing it. Crucially, reports of itch did not differ between experimental groups and a control group where itch was not mentioned as a possible side effect.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research failed to induce itch as a nocebo response. While examining likelihood framing in nocebo side effects is valuable, establishing an appropriate experimental model remains challenging. Future research directions and methodological considerations to move forward are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.70055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T05:45:43Z","timestamp":1769492743000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of likelihood framing on side effect expectations and nocebo side effects: Results from three experimental studies with a placebo analgesic cream"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5420-4506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Kube","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology Goethe University Frankfurt  Frankfurt Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Pain and Psychotherapy Lab RPTU University of Kaiserslautern\u2010Landau  Landau Germany"},{"name":"Program in Placebo Studies, Harvard Medical School Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Placebo Studies, Harvard Medical School Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Endicott College  Beverly Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur J.","family":"Barsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Placebo Studies, Harvard Medical School Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Brigham and Women's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia A.","family":"Glombiewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Pain and 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