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Ninety\u2010nine students learnt in five between\u2010subjects learning conditions (i.e., text with spatial contents plus pictures, text with visual contents plus pictures, only text with spatial contents, only text with visual contents, only picture) about a tourist centre and a holiday farm. Results showed that pictures (i.e., maps) were beneficial for learning if spatial knowledge had to be acquired, but did not support learning when non\u2010spatial, visual knowledge had to be acquired. Furthermore, a high overlap of spatial information in text and picture was helpful, which can be explained by the assumption that learning is a text\u2010guided process. On the other hand, regarding non\u2010spatial visual information, a high text\u2010picture overlap did not influence learning, probably because text alone was sufficient for acquiring visual knowledge. The implications of these findings are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]],"date-time":"2018-08-20T01:07:13Z","timestamp":1534727233000},"page":"126-150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Specifying the boundary conditions of the multimedia effect: The influence of content and its distribution between text and pictures"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8799-5028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Sch\u00fcler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz\u2010Institut f\u00fcr Wissensmedien T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Pazzaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Scheiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz\u2010Institut f\u00fcr Wissensmedien T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"University of T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00029-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1736359"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2403694"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/\/1618-3169.49.2.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139547369.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2009.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532690xci0804_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1346"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Comprehension and recall of spatial descriptions","volume":"10","author":"Denis M.","year":"1990","journal-title":"European Bulletin of Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000712605X67484"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-014-9264-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2013.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0057532"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"690","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"Folker S.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2005.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-006-0091-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.1411"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"159","volume-title":"Spatial working memory","author":"Gyselinck V.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1993.1036"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2007.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","volume-title":"Mental models: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness","author":"Johnson\u2010Laird P. 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