{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:31:54Z","timestamp":1789587114998,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]],"date-time":"2018-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J of Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Beyond money and possessions, how are the rich different from the general population? Drawing on a unique sample of high\u2010net\u2010worth individuals from Germany (\u22651 million Euro in financial assets;\n                    <jats:italic>N\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\n                    <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    130), nationally representative data (\n                    <jats:italic>N\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\n                    <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    22,981), and an additional online panel (\n                    <jats:italic>N\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\n                    <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                    690), we provide the first direct investigation of the stereotypically perceived and self\u2010reported personality profiles of high\u2010net\u2010worth individuals. Investigating the broad personality traits of the Big Five and the more specific traits of narcissism and locus of control, we find that stereotypes about wealthy people's personality are accurate albeit somewhat exaggerated and that wealthy people can be characterized as stable, flexible, and agentic individuals who are focused more on themselves than on others.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12360","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]],"date-time":"2018-11-22T19:01:11Z","timestamp":1542913271000},"page":"769-789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The rich\n                    <i>are<\/i>\n                    different: Unravelling the perceived and self\u2010reported personality profiles of high\u2010net\u2010worth individuals"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6062-2993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marius","family":"Leckelt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of M\u00fcnster Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Institute for Economic Research\/SOEP Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Schr\u00f6der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Institute for Economic Research\/SOEP Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Department of Economics Free University of Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albrecht C. P.","family":"K\u00fcfner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus M.","family":"Grabka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Institute for Economic Research\/SOEP Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitja D.","family":"Back","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.121.2.219"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"The nature of prejudice","author":"Allport G. W.","year":"1954"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0867-7_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53759-1.00001-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.49.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034431"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781316181959.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195392135.003.0007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","volume-title":"Distinction: A social critique of the judgment of taste","author":"Bourdieu P.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503621749"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"Measurement of education in comparative research","volume":"16","author":"Braun M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Comparative Social Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Family income affects children's altruistic behavior in the dictator game","volume":"8","author":"Chen Y.","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0867-7_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030398"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022107311968"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021212"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02828.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017184"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(01)00171-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.73.6.1246"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.82.6.878"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","unstructured":"Fuentes\u2010Nieva R. &Galasso N.(2014).Working for the Few: Political capture and economic inequality (No. 178). Oxfam. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/oxf.am\/2FKRUWh"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","unstructured":"Gensler L.(2016).What it takes to be part of the 1%. Forbes. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/laurengensler\/2016\/06\/16\/one-percent-by-state-income-inequality\/#7d9d944bbe3a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","unstructured":"GESIS\u2010Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences German Socio\u2010Economic Panel\u00a0(SOEP) at DIW Berlin & LIfBi\u2010Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories. (2016).PIAAC\u2010Longitudinal (PIAAC\u2010L) Germany. GESIS Data Archive Cologne. ZA5989 Data file Version 1.1.0.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4232\/1.12576"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018807"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.82.3.379"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/peps.12072"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10618600.1993.10474623"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1414550112"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12357"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-954X.00214"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v042.i08"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.1.100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/14342-012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.87.4.765"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.1999.tb00174.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.87.4.797"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X1500062X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721415605257"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5153\/sro.4063"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/226739"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/227593"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133193"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028756"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840X.2013.778803"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-011-0066-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000433"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0448-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.61.3.204"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","first-page":"159","volume-title":"Handbook of personality: Theory and research","author":"McCrae R. R.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2005.00515.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v057.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbvi.2017.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032275"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2010.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11187-016-9821-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017628"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.57.102904.190127"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","unstructured":"Parker K.(2012).Yes the rich are different. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.pewsocialtrends.org\/2012\/08\/27\/yes-the-rich-are-different\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","first-page":"492","volume-title":"Handbook of personality: Theory and research","author":"Paulhus D. L.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167213501699"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020092"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Computer software]","author":"R Core Team","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3790\/schm.135.3.389"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-3085(06)27001-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6916.2007.00047.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804674-6.00011-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","first-page":"375","volume-title":"Handbook of personality: Theory and research","author":"Roberts B. W.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2003.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/sou050"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1507949112"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028243"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616011114"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2008.02241.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3790\/schm.127.1.139","article-title":"The German Socio\u2010Economic Panel\u00a0Study (SOEP) \u2013 Scope, evolution and enhancements","volume":"127","author":"Wagner G. G.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schmollers Jahrbuch"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","volume-title":"The Economist.","author":"Who exactly are the 1%?","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Thinking clearly about psychology: Personality and psychopathology","author":"Wiggins J. S.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12392"}],"container-title":["British Journal of Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fbjop.12360","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bjop.12360","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/bjop.12360","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bjop.12360","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T13:39:19Z","timestamp":1761745159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bjop.12360"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bjop.12360"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjop.12360","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.31234\/osf.io\/uw736","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0007-1269","2044-8295"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0007-1269","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-8295","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-10-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}