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Planning and execution times are the most common outcome variables despite yielding lower effect sizes in clinical group comparisons and lower test\u2013retest reliability than planning accuracy. Here, it is proposed that planning time be analysed not in isolation, but in relation to the combined duration of planning and execution, yielding a novel pre\u2010planning index (PPI). In\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009179 healthy participants, test\u2013retest reliability analyses yielded higher absolute agreement and less intra\u2010individual variability over two sessions for PPI than for planning and execution times. The clinical validity of PPI was probed by comparing patients known to exhibit planning deficits and healthy controls. Stroke and Parkinson's patients showed significantly lower PPI than controls, driven by reduced planning and longer execution times. There was no difference in PPI between patients with mild cognitive impairment and controls. Consistently across healthy participants and patients, the positive correlation of PPI with planning accuracy exceeded that of planning times with accuracy. Thus, this pre\u2010planning index can enhance both the reliability and clinical validity of TOL latency variables and represents a useful complement to accuracy for measuring planning performance in health and disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.70044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T10:59:52Z","timestamp":1764327592000},"page":"1007-1025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A novel index to measure pre\u2010planning in the Tower of London task: Test\u2013retest reliability and known\u2010group validity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3785-9866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena V.","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Rahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1206-889X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph P.","family":"Kaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Schyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2448-5714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelius","family":"Weiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6656-6360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josef M.","family":"Unterrainer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfac098"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256\u2010199826040\u201000002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192707"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"Barrett T. 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