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Examining developmental heterogeneity in PSU and its associated risk factors during this period has important theoretical and practical implications. Participants were 1821 Chinese children transitioning into early adolescence (M\n                    <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2009=\u20099.57\u2009years; 48.5% female), followed annually for three years. Growth mixture modelling identified distinct PSU trajectories, and bidirectional associations with internal (e.g., shyness, depression, anxiety) and external factors (e.g., parental neglect, peer exclusion) were examined. Cross\u2010lagged network analysis further assessed interval\u2010specific variation in predictive associations. Two trajectories emerged: a low\u2010decreasing group (intercept\u2009=\u20091.845, slope\u2009=\u2009\u22120.120) and a high\u2010increasing group (intercept\u2009=\u20092.110, slope\u2009=\u20090.348). Early adolescents in the high\u2010increasing group experienced more adverse environments and reported higher levels of risk factors. PSU was primarily predicted by external factors in early intervals, whereas both personal and environmental factors became influential in later intervals. These findings highlight the heterogeneous and dynamic nature of PSU and support early, targeted family\u2010focused interventions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.70081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T10:11:08Z","timestamp":1778494268000},"page":"1570-1594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Problematic smartphone use in early adolescence: Developmental heterogeneity and bidirectional links with risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Zhifang","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology Central China Normal University  Wuhan China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (Central China Normal University), Ministry of Education  Wuhan China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province  Wuhan 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