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To evaluate this account, we recorded eye movements during a \u2018friend or foe\u2019 variation of a Go\/NoGo task in 24 left\u2010 and 24 right\u2010handed participants. Stimuli were silhouettes carrying either a food item (cooperation with a \u2018friend\u2019) or a weapon (competition against an \u2018enemy\u2019) in one hand, and participants were asked to save the friend or to hit the enemy. A better performance emerged in competitive than cooperative trials, confirming the \u2018weapon effect\u2019 (highest efficiency in detecting threatening stimuli), and for right\u2010 than left\u2010handed stimuli, confirming an advantage in responding to the most frequent handedness phenotype. Left\/right\u2010handed\n                    <jats:italic>stimuli<\/jats:italic>\n                    were better categorized in the competition\/cooperation trials and first saccades were faster towards left\u2010 than right\u2010handed stimuli, particularly when these were males. We interpret this pattern as an attentional bias favouring earlier orienting to potentially more threatening targets, left\u2010handed males. Results are discussed as partially supporting the ESS and other evolutionary biases, which might be associated with the handedness distribution of humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.70110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T05:36:11Z","timestamp":1788759371000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Of eyes and hands: Assessing the evolutionarily stable strategy of human handedness by means of eye\u2010tracking"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Prete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology \u201cG. d'Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolfo","family":"Di Crosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology \u201cG. d'Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Marascia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology \u201cG. d'Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pasquale","family":"La Malva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology \u201cG. d'Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4819-2120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Ceccato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology \u201cG. d'Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Tommasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology \u201cG. d'Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.0211"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"The behavioural biology of aggression","author":"Archer J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2007.0666"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868317725419"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/pb\u201051\u20101\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426\u2010020\u201001416\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:MOEM.0000040153.26156.ed"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01697"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201027312\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14640749508401421"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/jov.21.12.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03193146"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1177\/147470491100900307","article-title":"Left\u2010handedness and male\u2010male competition: Insights from fighting and hormonal data","volume":"9","author":"Faurie C.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evolutionary Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12159"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6725-4_5","volume-title":"Lateralized brain functions: Methods in human and non\u2010human species","author":"Forrester G. 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