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Although gaze has been extensively studied in direct social interaction, far less is known about how it shapes the perceptions and actions of uninvolved observers in shared environments. Here, we investigate whether mutual gaze creates an \u2018attentional territory\u2019 that third parties implicitly respect. In a large\u2010scale field study across four university campuses in Europe and Canada (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094680 pedestrians), two confederates stood facing one another in a public space. We manipulated gaze direction and reciprocity (mutual, unilateral or no interaction) as well as interpersonal distance (2\u20136 metres), holding body orientation and spatial arrangement constant. Pedestrians were less likely to cross between individuals engaged in mutual gaze. This effect weakened with increasing distance, but was robust across all locations. Together, the findings demonstrate that gaze does not merely coordinate interaction between individuals but also shapes how uninvolved others perceive and move through shared environments. By isolating gaze reciprocity from spatial arrangement, we demonstrate that mutual gaze functions as a dynamic social boundary organizing the permeability of public space.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.70116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T06:21:19Z","timestamp":1792477279000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Attentional territories: The influence of gaze and interpersonal distance in the navigation of public space"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9792-0895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Gado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology Julius\u2010Maximilians\u2010Universit\u00e4t W\u00fcrzburg  W\u00fcrzburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Velika","family":"Kristianto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Goulichli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute Utrecht University  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farid","family":"Pazhoohi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Plymouth  Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy S.","family":"Hessels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute Utrecht University  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8444-7269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Foulsham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Essex  Essex UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0025-855X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"Kingstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology The University of British Columbia  Vancouver Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"The artist is present","author":"Abramovi\u0107 M.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0451-5_5","volume-title":"Environment and culture","author":"Aiello J. 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