{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T01:37:48Z","timestamp":1789522668517,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEC\u20102023\/49\/B\/HS6\/01428"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEC\u20102023\/49\/B\/HS6\/01428"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["British J Social Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Through five studies, this research examined how objectively measured societal freedom and individual perceptions of it are related to reduced belief in conspiracy theories. Study 1 (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20096353 participants from 36 countries) examined the negative relationship between societal freedom (as measured by the Human Freedom Index) and generic conspiracy beliefs. Study 2 (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200944,458 participants from 52 countries) focused on interest group\u2010related COVID\u201019 conspiracy beliefs\u2013 a measure not explicitly referring to government actors. Moving to the individual level, Study 3 (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009278) examined relationships between perceived societal freedom and various conspiracy beliefs, while Study 4 (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009246) experimentally tested whether manipulating perceptions of societal freedom affected belief in generic conspiracist beliefs as well as those related to vaccines and financial crises. Results indicated that both greater societal freedom and higher perceived societal freedom are associated with lower levels of conspiracy beliefs. In Study 5 (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009592), we examined the psychological mechanisms mediating the relationship between perceived societal freedom and conspiracy beliefs and found the significant indirect effect via political anger. These findings contribute to a broader understanding of how macro\u2010level conditions can be incorporated into efforts to reduce the prevalence of conspiracy theories.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.70021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T12:06:57Z","timestamp":1763986017000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Free from conspiracies: The negative relationship between societal freedom and belief in generic and content\u2010specific conspiracy theories"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3183-7570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Siemi\u0105tkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology University of Warsaw  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0853-5272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theofilos","family":"Gkinopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Sciences, School of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Nicosia Athens Campus  Athens Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Psychology Jagiellonian University  Krak\u00f3w Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5027-1691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Bilewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology University of Warsaw  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2919"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19485506221113965"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","first-page":"118","volume-title":"Two concepts of liberty. 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