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Using three waves of data from a nationally representative UK household panel study (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200918,807), we applied longitudinal multilevel models to examine how individual\u2010 and objective neighbourhood\u2010level indicators jointly predict cross\u2010ethnic friendships. At the individual level, higher openness and agreeableness, stronger neighbourhood belonging and a left\u2010leaning political orientation were associated with more cross\u2010ethnic friendships. At the contextual level, intergroup friendships were more common in neighbourhoods with more structural opportunity for contact (i.e., areas with a lower proportion of same\u2010ethnic residents), and in areas with lower anti\u2010immigration norms (as indicated by local Brexit \u2018Leave\u2019 vote share). Crucially, cross\u2010level interactions highlighted the interplay of person and place: neighbourhood diversity fostered more cross\u2010ethnic friendships, especially among those with strong neighbourhood belonging, suggesting that people who feel embedded in their community are more likely to translate diverse surroundings into meaningful intergroup ties. Differences between the ethnic majority and minority groups also emerged. For example, higher objective area\u2010level racial hate crime incidence predicted more intergroup friendships among majority members, suggesting a possible repair response, but showed no association for minority members. Findings underscore the multilevel and group\u2010specific pathways to sustained intergroup friendships.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.70068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T04:31:53Z","timestamp":1773808313000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A longitudinal multilevel analysis of individual\u2010 and contextual\u2010level predictors of cross\u2010ethnic friendships in the\n                    <scp>UK<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4671-4960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rose","family":"Meleady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah K.","family":"Peetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3837-3692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shelley","family":"McKeown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Leckie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education University of Bristol  Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo","family":"Broadwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belong \u2013 The Cohesion and Integration Network  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/683144"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12064"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"The nature of prejudice","author":"Allport G.","year":"1954"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007977117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pspp0000413"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868306294907"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430215591042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289423"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2016.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013470"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02673037.2018.1424804"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.12622"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.77.1.135"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143\u20106228(01)00019\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098017740287"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"Cantle T.(2001).Community cohesion: Report of the independent review team \u2013 The \u2018Cantle Report\u2019.https:\/\/tedcantle.co.uk\/pdf\/communitycohesion%20cantlereport.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","unstructured":"Casey L.(2016).The Casey Review: a review into opportunity and integration (Report). 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