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style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          ) and the evidence for the different preventive and therapeutic measures that have been used in order to help clinicians optimally define and manage this potentially serious condition.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          Despite recognition that\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          can be a significant complication of cancer treatment, there is currently a lack of\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          \u2010led guidelines available on how it should optimally be defined and managed.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          A systematic literature review was undertaken to evaluate the evidence for preventative measures and treatment options in the management of cancer treatment\u2010induced\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          .\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>There is a wide range of reported incidence due to several factors including variability in study design and quality, the type of causal agent, the grading of bleeding, and discrepancies in definition criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          The most frequently reported causal factors are radiotherapy to the pelvic area, where\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          has been reported in up to 20% of patients, and treatment with cyclophosphamide and bacillus\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          almette\u2010\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          u\u00e9rin, where the incidence has been reported as up to 30%.\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Mesna (2\u2010mercaptoethane sodium sulphonate), hyperhydration and bladder irrigation have been the most frequently used prophylactic measures to prevent treatment\u2010related cystitis, but are not always effective.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Cranberry juice is widely cited as a preventative measure and sodium pentosanpolysulphate as a treatment, although the evidence for both is very limited.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>The best evidence exists for intravesical hyaluronic acid as an effective preventative and active treatment, and for hyperbaric oxygen as an equally effective treatment option.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>\n                          The lack of robust data and variability in treatment strategies used highlights the need for further research, as well as best practice guidance and consensus on the management of\n                          <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                          .\n                        <\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    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