{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:14:27Z","timestamp":1788826467107,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,14]],"date-time":"2014-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1394755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Charles Hayward Foundation","award":["297"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["297"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJU International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To test the performance and acceptability of an early warning sensor to predict encrustation and blockage of long\u2010term indwelling urinary catheters.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Patients and Methods<\/jats:title>\n In all, 17 long\u2010term indwelling catheter users, 15 \u2018blockers\u2019 and two \u2018non\u2010blockers\u2019 (controls) were recruited; 11 participants were followed prospectively until catheter change, three withdrew early and three did not start.<\/jats:p>\n \n Two sensors were placed in series between the catheter and the urine bag at catheter change. The sensor nearest the bag was changed at the same time as the bag change (weekly); the sensor nearest the catheter remained\n in situ<\/jats:italic>\n for the duration of the catheter's life.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Bacteriology and\n pH<\/jats:styled-content>\n determinations were performed on urine samples at each bag, sensor and catheter change. The colour of the sensors was recorded daily. On removal, each sensor and the catheter were examined for visible evidence of encrustation and blockage.\n <\/jats:p>\n Participants were asked to keep a daily diary to record colour change and any other relevant observations and to complete a psychosocial impact of assistive devices tool at the end of the study. Participants and carers\/healthcare professionals (when involved in urine bag or catheter change) were asked to complete a questionnaire about the sensor.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Urease\u2010producing bacteria were isolated from seven of the 14 patients (including early withdrawals;\n \n P.\u2009<\/jats:styled-content>\n mirabilis\n <\/jats:italic>\n in four,\n \n M<\/jats:styled-content>\n organella\n <\/jats:italic>\n or\n \n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n rovidencia\n <\/jats:italic>\n in three).\n <\/jats:p>\n In six of the seven patients the sensors turned blue\u2010black; two of these were early withdrawals, two went to planned catheter change (one of these was recruited as a \u2018non\u2010blocker\u2019) and three had catheter blockage.<\/jats:p>\n The number of days of catheterisation before blockage was 22, 23 and 25 days, and the sensor changed colour within 24\u201348\u2009h after insertion.<\/jats:p>\n \n The urine mean (range)\n pH<\/jats:styled-content>\n of the sensors that turned blue\u2010black was 7.6 (5.5\u20139.0) and of the sensors that remained yellow 6.1 (5.1\u20137.5).\n <\/jats:p>\n The sensor was generally well\u2010received and was positive in the psychosocial assessment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n The sensor is a useful indicator of urine\n pH<\/jats:styled-content>\n and of the conditions that lead to catheter blockage.\n <\/jats:p>\n It may be particularly useful for new indwelling catheter users.<\/jats:p>\n To be a universally acceptable predictor of catheter blockage, the time from sensor colour change to blockage needs to be reduced.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,22]],"date-time":"2013-11-22T14:04:49Z","timestamp":1385129089000},"page":"278-285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A clinical evaluation of a sensor to detect blockage due to crystalline biofilm formation on indwelling urinary catheters"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Adele","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Urological Institute North Bristol NHS Trust Southmead Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Urological Institute North Bristol NHS Trust Southmead Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Urological Institute North Bristol NHS Trust Southmead Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie A.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of West of England Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony G.","family":"Timoney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Urological Institute North Bristol NHS Trust Southmead Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.1994.20010140.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20865"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364891","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/364891","article-title":"Computational modeling of the mechanism of urease","author":"Carlsson H","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinorg Chem 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