{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:39:13Z","timestamp":1790199553933,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,22]],"date-time":"2014-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1400716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJU International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Primary urethral carcinoma (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PUC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) is a rare malignancy accounting for &lt;1% of genitourinary cancers, with a predilection for men and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    frican\u2010\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    mericans. The sites and histology of urethral carcinoma vary by gender and anatomical location. Squamous cell carcinoma is most common among both genders but adenocarcinomas are noted in 15\u201335% of cases among women. Obstructive or irritative symptoms and haematuria are common modes of presentation. Clinical evaluation includes cystourethroscopy with biopsy and examination under anaesthesia. Magnetic resonance imaging provides a highly effective method to image the primary tumour while def\u0131ning the potential involvement of surrounding structures. Most tumours are localised, with regional metastases to nodal sites seen in up to 30% of cases in both genders, while distant metastases at presentation are rare (0\u20136%), but occur in up to 40% of cases with recurrent disease. Among men, the two most important prognostic factors are disease location and stage. Low\u2010stage tumours (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    1\u20132) and tumours involving the fossa navicularis or the penile urethra have a better prognosis than higher stage tumours (&gt;\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    2 or\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    +) and lesions involving the bulbomembranous urethra. In women, in addition to stage and location, the size of the tumour has also prognostic implications. While surgery and radiation therapy (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) are of benefit in early stage disease, advanced stage\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PUC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    requires multimodal treatment strategies to optimise local control and survival. These include induction chemotherapy followed by surgery or\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and concurrent chemoradiation with or without surgery. The latter strategy has been used successfully to treat other human papillomavirus\u2010related cancers of the vagina, cervix and anus and may be of value in achieving organ preservation. Given the rarity of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PUC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , prospective multi\u2010institutional studies are needed to better define the optimal treatment approach for this disease entity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,21]],"date-time":"2014-01-21T08:05:56Z","timestamp":1390291556000},"page":"25-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Management of advanced primary urethral carcinomas"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Farshid","family":"Dayyani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Oncology Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center  Gilbert AZ USA"},{"name":"Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston TX 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