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The potential for treatment\u2010related morbidity after more invasive interventions, e.g. surgery, creates a need for effective minimally invasive treatments. We critically examined the available literature using levels of evidence to determine the reported support for each treatment. Most available minimally invasive treatments lack critical support for effectiveness due to the absence of randomised, placebo\u2010controlled trials (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCTs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) or non\u2010significant results after\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCTs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Iontophoresis, oral therapies (vitamin\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , potassium para\u2010aminobenzoate, tamoxifen, carnitine, and colchicine), extracorporeal shockwave therapy, and intralesional injection with verapamil or nicardipine have shown mixed or negative results. Treatments that have decreased penile curvature deformity in Level 1 or Level 2 evidence\u2010based, placebo\u2010controlled studies include intralesional injection with interferon \u03b1\u20102b or collagenase clostridium histolyticum.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,21]],"date-time":"2014-01-21T08:08:51Z","timestamp":1390291731000},"page":"16-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Minimally invasive treatment of\n                    <scp>P<\/scp>\n                    eyronie's disease: evidence\u2010based progress"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Gerald H.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Eastern Virginia Medical School  Norfolk VA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Culley 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