{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T23:29:10Z","timestamp":1778887750960,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6b","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,28]],"date-time":"2014-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canadian Cancer Society"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009326","name":"Cancer Research Society","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Fonds de la recherche du Qu\u00e9bec - Sant\u00e9 (FRQS)"},{"name":"FRQS-RRSE"},{"name":"Minist\u00e8re du D\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique"},{"name":"de l'Innovation et de l'Exportation du Qu\u00e9bec"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJU International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the possible association between circumcision and prostate cancer risk, to examine whether age at circumcision influences prostate cancer risk, and to determine whether race modifies the circumcision\u2013prostate cancer relationship.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Subjects and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PROtEuS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      rostate\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ancer and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      nvironment\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      tudy), a population\u2010based case\u2010control study set amongst the mainly\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      rench\u2010speaking population in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ontr\u00e9al,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      anada, was used to address study objectives. The study included 1590 pathologically confirmed prostate cancer cases diagnosed in a\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ontr\u00e9al\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      rench hospital between 2005 and 2009, and 1618 population controls ascertained from the French electoral list, frequency\u2010matched to cases by age. In\u2010person interviews elicited information on sociodemographic, lifestyle and environmental factors. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ORs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) and 95% confidence intervals (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) between circumcision, age at circumcision and prostate cancer risk, adjusting for age, ancestry, family history of prostate cancer, prostate cancer screening history, education, and history of sexually transmitted infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Circumcised men had a slightly lower risk, albeit not statistically significant, of developing prostate cancer than uncircumcised men (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      0.89, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      0.76\u20131.04). Circumcision was found to be protective in men circumcised aged \u226536 years (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      0.55, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      0.30\u20130.98). A weaker protective effect was seen among men circumcised within 1 year of birth (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      0.86, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      0.72\u20131.04). The strongest protective effect of circumcision was recorded in Black men (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      0.40, 95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      0.19\u20130.86,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010value for interaction 0.02) but no association was found with other ancestral groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings provide novel evidence for a protective effect of circumcision against prostate cancer development, especially in those circumcised aged \u226536 years; although circumcision before the age of 1 year may also confer protection. Circumcision appeared to be protective only among Black men, a group that has the highest rate of disease. Further research into the differences in effect of circumcision on prostate cancer risk by ancestry is warranted, as is the influence of age at circumcision.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,24]],"date-time":"2014-03-24T04:54:42Z","timestamp":1395636882000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Circumcision and prostate cancer: a population\u2010based case\u2010control study in\n                    <scp>M<\/scp>\n                    ontr\u00e9al,\n                    <scp>C<\/scp>\n                    anada"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Andrea R.","family":"Spence","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INRS\u2010Institut Armand\u2010Frappier Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec  Laval Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie\u2010Claude","family":"Rousseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRS\u2010Institut Armand\u2010Frappier Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec  Laval Canada"},{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine University of Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Canada"},{"name":"University of Montr\u00e9al Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM)  Montr\u00e9al Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre I.","family":"Karakiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Montr\u00e9al Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM)  Montr\u00e9al Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie\u2010\u00c9lise","family":"Parent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INRS\u2010Institut Armand\u2010Frappier Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec  Laval Canada"},{"name":"Department of Social and Preventive Medicine University of Montr\u00e9al  Montr\u00e9al Canada"},{"name":"University of Montr\u00e9al Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM)  Montr\u00e9al Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Risk factors for prostate cancer","volume":"23","author":"Key T","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Surv"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1965.tb04294.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1045.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2011.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"506","article-title":"Prostate cancer and sexually transmitted diseases: a meta\u2010analysis","volume":"37","author":"Taylor ML","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200201000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp306"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0781"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2006.04.075"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh332"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2008.08030.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60313-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60312-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020298"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.11.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/652184"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802556"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200010200-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328011ab73"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-011-9785-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26653"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/42.3.259"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.12.1152"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","first-page":"869","article-title":"Case\u2010control studies of prostate cancer in blacks and whites in southern California","volume":"78","author":"Ross RK","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1996.418"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115346"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.273"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","first-page":"235","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms involving prostate cancer racial disparity","volume":"1","author":"Hatcher D","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20052"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2012-101211"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195172805.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.291.6489.183"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/095646206778145730"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540370042034","article-title":"Circumcision in the United States. Prevalence, prophylactic effects, and sexual practice","volume":"277","author":"Laumann EO","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pcan.2013.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/560857"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.currproblcancer.2007.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pcan.2012.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-06-0410"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1415-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pcan.2012.40"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.11.1288"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7249.1592"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00941.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64247-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027561"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199701000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-253"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02107.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-200110000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(01)90101-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh149"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2007.029645"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Male circumcision: global trends and determinants of prevalence safety and acceptability 2007. Available at:http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/pub\/malecircumcision\/globaltrends\/en\/. Accessed April 2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","unstructured":"Statistics Canada.2001 Census of Canada. Institut de la Statistique du Qu\u00e9bec 2003. Available at:http:\/\/www.stat.gouv.qc.ca\/statistiques\/recensement\/2001\/recens2001_06\/religion\/religion06.htm. Accessed May 2013"}],"container-title":["BJU International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fbju.12741","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fbju.12741","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bju.12741","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T16:19:09Z","timestamp":1761754749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bju.12741"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,28]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6b","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bju.12741"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bju.12741","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1464-4096","1464-410X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1464-4096","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-410X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-05-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}