{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:07:51Z","timestamp":1787162871040,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,13]],"date-time":"2015-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001554","name":"Massey University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJU International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To characterise the area and movements of ongoing spontaneous localised contractions in the resting porcine urinary bladder and relate these to ambient intravesical pressure (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ves<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), to further our understanding of their genesis and role in accommodating incoming urine.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used image analysis to quantify the areas and movements of discrete propagating patches of contraction (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s) on the anterior, anterolateral and posterior surfaces of the urinary bladders of six pigs maintained\n                      <jats:italic>ex\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      with small incremental increases in volume. We then correlated the magnitude of\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ves<\/jats:sub>\n                      and cyclic changes in\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ves<\/jats:sub>\n                      with parameters derived from spatiotemporal maps.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Contractile movements in the resting bladder consisted only of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s that covered around a fifth of the surface of the bladder, commenced at various sites, and were of \u22486\u00a0s in duration. They propagated at around 6\u00a0mm\/s, mainly across the anterior and lateral surface of the bladder by various, sometimes circular, routes in a quasi\u2010stable rhythm, and did not traverse the trigone. The frequencies of these rhythms were low (3.15\u00a0cycles\/min) and broadly similar to those of cyclic changes in\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ves<\/jats:sub>\n                      (3.55\u00a0cycles\/min). Each\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      was associated with a region of stretching (positive strain rate) and these events occurred in a background of more constant strain. The amplitudes of cycles in\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ves<\/jats:sub>\n                      and the areas undergoing\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s increased after a sudden increase in\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ves<\/jats:sub>\n                      but the frequency of cycles of\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ves<\/jats:sub>\n                      and of origin of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s did not change. Peaks in\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ves<\/jats:sub>\n                      cycles occurred when\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s were traversing the upper half of the bladder, which was more compliant. The velocity of propagation of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s was similar to that of transverse propagation of action potentials in bladder myocytes and significantly greater than that reported in interstitial cells. The size of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s, their frequency and their rate of propagation were not affected by intra\u2010arterial dosage with tetrodotoxin or lidocaine.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The origin and duration of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s influence both\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ves<\/jats:sub>\n                      and cyclic variation in\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ves<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Hence, propagating rather than stationary areas of contraction may contribute to overall tone and to variation in\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>ves<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Spatiotemporal mapping of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s may contribute to our understanding of the generation of tone and the basis of clinical entities such as overactive bladder, painful bladder syndrome and detrusor overactivity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.13132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,24]],"date-time":"2015-03-24T16:39:56Z","timestamp":1427215196000},"page":"973-983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Characterisation of the contractile dynamics of the resting\n                    <i>ex\u00a0vivo<\/i>\n                    urinary bladder of the pig"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Roger G.","family":"Lentle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health 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