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Many treatments exist for localised prostate cancer, although it is unclear which offers the optimal therapeutic ratio; which is confounded by inconsistencies in the selection, definition, measurement and reporting of outcomes in clinical trials.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients, Subjects and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A list of 79 outcomes was derived from a systematic review of published localised prostate cancer effectiveness studies and semi\u2010structured interviews with 15 patients with prostate cancer patients. A two\u2010stage consensus process involving 118 patients and 56 international healthcare professionals (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s; cancer specialist nurses, urological surgeons and oncologists) was undertaken, consisting of a three\u2010round Delphi survey followed by a face\u2010to\u2010face consensus panel meeting of 13\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s and eight patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The final\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      included 19 outcomes. In all, 12 apply to all interventions: death from prostate cancer, death from any cause, local disease recurrence, distant disease recurrence\/metastases, disease progression, need for salvage therapy, overall quality of life, stress urinary incontinence, urinary function, bowel function, faecal incontinence, and sexual function. Seven were intervention\u2010specific: perioperative deaths (surgery), positive surgical margin (surgery), thromboembolic disease (surgery), bothersome or symptomatic urethral or anastomotic stricture (surgery), need for curative treatment (active surveillance), treatment failure (ablative therapy), and side\u2010effects of hormonal therapy (hormone therapy). The\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010centric participants may limit the generalisability to other countries, but trialists should reason why the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      would not be applicable. The default position should not be that a\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      developed in one country will automatically not be applicable elsewhere.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We have established a\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">COS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      for trials of effectiveness in localised prostate cancer, applicable across all interventions that should be measured in all localised prostate cancer effectiveness trials.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.13854","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,27]],"date-time":"2017-03-27T11:37:57Z","timestamp":1490614677000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["A core outcome set for localised prostate cancer effectiveness trials"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2691-8421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"MacLennan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Urology Unit University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula R.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Research Unit University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanneke","family":"Bekema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Ramsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"N'Dow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Urology Unit University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK"},{"name":"Department of Urology Aberdeen Royal Infirmary Aberdeen UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"MacLennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Urology Unit University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics Group Institute of Health and Society University of Newcastle Newcastle UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Dahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA"},{"name":"Minneapolis VA Health Care System Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Mottet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University Hospital St. Etienne France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Urology Unit University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK"},{"name":"Department of Urology Aberdeen Royal Infirmary Aberdeen UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the COMPACTERS Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28926"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000139714.09832.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21822"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","volume-title":"AHRQ Technology Assessments. 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