{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T13:36:46Z","timestamp":1789911406436,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,7]],"date-time":"2017-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJU International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To determine whether studies that used propensity score (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) methods in the urology literature provide sufficient detail to allow scientific reproducibility and whether appropriate statistical tests were used to obtain valid measures of effect.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We searched\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OVID<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      Medline and the Science Citation Index from inception to November 2016 to identify studies that used\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      methods in five general urology journals. From each included article, we extracted pertinent information related to the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      methodology, such as estimation of the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , whether balance diagnostics were performed, and the statistical analysis performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified 114 articles for inclusion. Matching on the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      was the most common method used (62 studies, 54.4%). Of all studies, 103 (90.4%) described which covariates were used to estimate the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ; however, only 24 provided justification for the selected covariates. Although the majority of studies (70.2%) performed some sort of diagnostic evaluation to assess balance, few studies (24.6%) used appropriate methods for balance assessment. Only four (6.4%) studies that used\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      matching provided sufficient detail to replicate the matching strategy. Finally, the majority (77.4%) of studies that used\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      matching explicitly used inappropriate statistical methods to estimate the effect of an exposure on an outcome.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the urology literature\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      methods were poorly described and implemented. We provide recommendations for improvement to allow scientific reproducibility and obtain valid measures of effect from their use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.13930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,13]],"date-time":"2017-06-13T03:52:37Z","timestamp":1497325957000},"page":"873-880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Critical appraisal of the application of propensity score methods in the urology literature"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7502-3475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madhur","family":"Nayan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology Departments of Surgery and Surgical Oncology Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network and the University of Toronto Toronto ON 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