{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T02:30:32Z","timestamp":1783996232548,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,9]],"date-time":"2018-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJU International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n To understand the occurrence of and risk factors for urinary tract infections (\n UTI<\/jats:styled-content>\n s) in patients with spinal cord injury (\n SCI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) undergoing specialized\n SCI<\/jats:styled-content>\n rehabilitation in Switzerland.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Patients and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n This study used data collected from 369 patients, who participated in a nationwide rehabilitation cohort for\n SCI<\/jats:styled-content>\n in Switzerland between 2013 and 2017. Information on\n UTI<\/jats:styled-content>\n s as well as their potential determinants, including demographics, lesion characteristics, and time\u2010updated data on functional independence and bladder management, was used. Multivariable regression methods were applied to perform a time\u2010updated evaluation of determinants of\n UTI<\/jats:styled-content>\n risk.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The crude incidence rate (\n IR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) of\n UTI<\/jats:styled-content>\n s was 0.55\n UTI<\/jats:styled-content>\n s per 100 person\u2010days (95% confidence interval [\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ] 0.49\u20130.62), the cumulative IR was 43%, and the median length of stay was 122 days. The bladder emptying method at discharge was largely determined by 28 days after admission. Among those using indwelling or assisted intermittent catheterization (\n IC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), the likelihood of self\u2010\n IC<\/jats:styled-content>\n at discharge was positively related to the level of self\u2010care independence, negatively related to age at injury, and lower in women than men. Catheter users consistently had higher adjusted\n IR<\/jats:styled-content>\n s for\n UTI<\/jats:styled-content>\n than spontaneous voiders. The\n IR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ratios were: indwelling catheter: 5.97 (95% CI 2.63\u201313.57); assisted\n IC<\/jats:styled-content>\n : 6.05 (95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 2.63\u201313.94); self\u2010\n IC<\/jats:styled-content>\n : 5.16 (95% CI 2.31\u201311.52); test for differences across catheter groups:\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.82. Lesion severity and previous\n UTI<\/jats:styled-content>\n had additional but smaller effect sizes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Bladder emptying method was identified as the main risk factor for\n UTI<\/jats:styled-content>\n in patients with\n SCI<\/jats:styled-content>\n . As spontaneous voiders had the lowest\n UTI<\/jats:styled-content>\n rate, further research is warranted to reduce voiding dysfunction, for instance using neuromodulation procedures.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.14514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,16]],"date-time":"2018-08-16T10:41:39Z","timestamp":1534416099000},"page":"342-352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Bladder emptying method is the primary determinant of urinary tract infections in patients with spinal cord injury: results from a prospective rehabilitation cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4350-6816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Collene E.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research Nottwil Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Health Policy University of Lucerne Lucerne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9515-1076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonviea D.","family":"Chamberlain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Paraplegic Research Nottwil Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences and Health Policy University of Lucerne Lucerne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinique Romande de R\u00e9adaptation Sion Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1991-5919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro\u2010Urology Spinal Cord Injury Centre Balgrist University Hospital University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenia","family":"Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinique Romande de R\u00e9adaptation Sion Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"M\u00f6hr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro\u2010Urology REHAB Basel Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9910-1295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Pannek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro\u2010Urology Swiss Paraplegic Centre Nottwil Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Spinal Cord Injury Centre Balgrist University Hospital University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9319-665X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin W. 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