{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:09:07Z","timestamp":1791313747102,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000833","name":"Rosetrees Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006280","name":"Urology Care Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006280","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJU International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the contemporary prevalence of urinary tract cancer (bladder cancer, upper tract urothelial cancer [UTUC] and renal cancer) in patients referred to secondary care with haematuria, adjusted for established patient risk markers and geographical variation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was an international multicentre prospective observational study. We included patients aged \u226516\u00a0years, referred to secondary care with suspected urinary tract cancer. Patients with a known or previous urological malignancy were excluded. We estimated the prevalence of bladder cancer, UTUC, renal cancer and prostate cancer; stratified by age, type of haematuria, sex, and smoking. We used a multivariable mixed\u2010effects logistic regression to adjust cancer prevalence for age, type of haematuria, sex, smoking, hospitals, and countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 11\u00a0059 patients assessed for eligibility, 10\u00a0896 were included from 110 hospitals across 26 countries. The overall adjusted cancer prevalence (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a02257) was 28.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 22.3\u201334.1), bladder cancer (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01951) 24.7% (95% CI 19.1\u201330.2), UTUC (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0128) 1.14% (95% CI 0.77\u20131.52), renal cancer (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0107) 1.05% (95% CI 0.80\u20131.29), and prostate cancer (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0124) 1.75% (95% CI 1.32\u20132.18). The odds ratios for patient risk markers in the model for all cancers were: age 1.04 (95% CI 1.03\u20131.05;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), visible haematuria 3.47 (95% CI 2.90\u20134.15;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), male sex 1.30 (95% CI 1.14\u20131.50;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), and smoking 2.70 (95% CI 2.30\u20133.18;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A better understanding of cancer prevalence across an international population is required to inform clinical guidelines. We are the first to report urinary tract cancer prevalence across an international population in patients referred to secondary care, adjusted for patient risk markers and geographical variation. Bladder cancer was the most prevalent disease. Visible haematuria was the strongest predictor for urinary tract cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.15483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T23:50:02Z","timestamp":1621036202000},"page":"440-450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["The IDENTIFY study: the investigation and detection of urological neoplasia in patients referred with suspected urinary tract cancer \u2013 a multicentre observational study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"128","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1836-8992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sinan","family":"Khadhouri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Research Unit University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK"},{"name":"Aberdeen Royal Infirmary Aberdeen UK"},{"name":"British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST) Collaborative London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin M.","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST) Collaborative London UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Surgery Western General Hospital University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth R.","family":"MacKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST) Collaborative London UK"},{"name":"Freeman Hospital Newcastle Upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taimur T.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST) Collaborative London UK"},{"name":"Dept. of Surgery and Cancer Charing Cross Hospital Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust London UK"},{"name":"Division of Surgery Department of Surgery and Cancer Imperial College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanyu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST) Collaborative London UK"},{"name":"Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0914-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sacha","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST) Collaborative London UK"},{"name":"Wrexham Maelor Hospital Wrexham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor F.","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST) Collaborative London UK"},{"name":"Torbay and South Devon NHS Foundation Trust Torbay 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Urologic Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taeweon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urologic Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Marra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza Turin Italy"},{"name":"University of Turin Turin Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Lillaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SanGiovanni Battista Hospital Turin Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0556-3035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"G\u00f3mez Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology La Paz 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