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The study cohort comprised individuals aged 16\u2009years and older diagnosed with urethral tumours at any stage who underwent either isolated urethrectomy or urethrectomy as an integral component of MMT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ninety\u2010two studies comprising 25\u2009480 patients met the inclusion criteria. Surgical outcomes for urethral cancer vary considerably, with 5\u2010year overall survival (OS) ranging from 10% to 68% based on disease extent, approach, and gender. Radiotherapy (RT) alone provides 5\u2010year OS of approximately 40%. Combined regimens provide better outcomes compared to single modalities, including reduced recurrence and enhanced survival. However, trimodal therapy showed survival benefits only for urothelial subtypes, indicating the need to tailor management according to cancer type. MMT with neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to surgery demonstrated the most consistent survival gains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The management of urethral cancer demands a nuanced, personalised approach, accounting for factors such as tumour location, sex, and tumour stage. MMT combining surgery, chemotherapy and RT has shown the ability to enhance outcomes in advanced disease. More extensive collaborative studies through specialised centres are imperative to advance evidence\u2010based protocols and refine treatment in order to improve survival.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.16334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T08:04:06Z","timestamp":1712563446000},"page":"175-184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Urethral cancer: a comprehensive review endorsed by the Global Society of Rare Genitourinary Tumours"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6945-8261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herney Andr\u00e9s","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Perdomo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UROGIV Research Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine Universidad del Valle  Cali Colombia"},{"name":"Division of Urology\/Urooncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine Universidad del Valle  Cali Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9lica Mar\u00eda","family":"D\u00e1vila\u2010Raigoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UROGIV Research Group, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine Universidad del Valle  Cali Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellie","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research U.K., Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucinda","family":"Billingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research U.K., Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Necchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urological Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele Vita\u2010Salute San Raffaele University  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gareth","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research U.K., Southampton Clinical Trials Unit University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe E.","family":"Spiess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genitourinary Oncology and Tumor Biology H. 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