{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:02:17Z","timestamp":1790344937096,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016053","name":"Paul Ramsay Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJU International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To prospectively compare systemic anti\u2010tumour immune responses induced by irreversible electroporation (IRE) and robot\u2010assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) in patients with localised intermediate\u2010risk prostate cancer (PCa).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Between February 2021 and June 2022, before and after treatment (at 5, 14 and 30\u2009days) peripheral blood samples of 30 patients with localised PCa were prospectively collected. Patient inclusion criteria were: International Society of Urological Pathologists Grade 2\u20133, clinical cancer stage \u2264T2c, prostate\u2010specific antigen level &lt;20\u2009ng\/mL). Patients were treated with IRE (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200920) or RARP (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910). Frequency and activation status of lymphocytic and myeloid immune cell subsets were determined using flow cytometry. PCa\u2010specific T\u2010cell responses to prostatic acid phosphatase\u00a0(PSAP) and cancer testis antigen (New York oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 [NY\u2010ESO\u20101]) were determined by interferon\u2010\u03b3 enzyme\u2010linked immunospot assay (ELISpot). Repeated\u2010measures analysis of variance and two\u2010sided Student's\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010tests were used to compare immune responses over time and between treatment cohorts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patient and tumour characteristics were similar between the cohorts except for age (median 68\u2009years [IRE] and 62\u2009years [RARP],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01). IRE induced depletion of systemic regulatory T\u00a0cells (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0001) and a simultaneous increase in activated cytotoxic T\u2010lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA\u20104)\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      cluster of differentiation (CD)4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.032) T\u00a0cells, consistent with reduction of systemic immune suppression allowing for effector T\u2010cell activation, peaking 14\u2009days after IRE. Effects were positively correlated with tumour volume\/ablation size. Accordingly, IRE induced expansion of PSAP and\/or NY\u2010ESO\u20101 specific T\u2010cell responses in four of the eight immune competent patients. Temporarily increased activated myeloid derived suppressor cell frequencies (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.047) were consistent with transient immunosuppression after RARP.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Irreversible electroporation induces a PCa\u2010specific systemic immune response in patients with localised PCa, aiding conversion of the tumour microenvironment into a more immune permissive state. Therapeutic efficacy might be further enhanced by combination with CTLA\u20104 checkpoint inhibition, potentially opening up a new synergistic treatment paradigm for high\u2010risk localised or (oligo)metastatic disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.16496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T08:11:43Z","timestamp":1722845503000},"page":"319-328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Irreversible electroporation of localised prostate cancer\u00a0downregulates immune suppression and\u00a0induces systemic anti\u2010tumour T\u2010cell activation \u2013\n                    <scp>IRE<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>IMMUNO<\/scp>\n                    study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"135","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8137-9299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart","family":"Geboers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"St. Vincent's Prostate Cancer Research Centre  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Department of Urology St. Vincent's Private Clinic  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Cancer Centre Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9098-9574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthijs J.","family":"Scheltema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre  Sydney New South 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