{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T21:50:16Z","timestamp":1788558616288,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]],"date-time":"2025-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012415","name":"Biomedical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012415","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJU International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine mean\/median serum total prostate\u2010specific antigen (PSA) levels in transgender women and non\u2010binary people with prostates (TWNBPP) who have received gender\u2010affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) or an orchidectomy. The secondary objective was to identify other quantitative information that influences PSA levels in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic review of existing publications from primary studies published in English, excluding case reports and guidelines. Included studies: TWNBPP who have received GAHT\/post\u2010orchidectomy, without a diagnosis of prostate pathology, with recorded serum PSA levels. MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched, up to July 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four papers met the inclusion criteria, with 290 participants. Two papers measured the mean PSA level after 4 and 12\u2009months of GAHT (mean [range] age 30\u2009[18\u201345]\u2009years). A third paper measured the mean PSA level after a median of 9\u2009years of GAHT (mean [range] age 40.1\u2009[19\u201367]\u2009years). The fourth study measured 852 PSA levels in 210 participants receiving oestradiol therapy, over a 23\u2010year period (mean [range] age 60\u2009[40\u201379]\u2009years). The mean and median PSA levels ranged from 0.020 to 0.525\u2009ng\/mL. Meta\u2010analysis of these data was unfeasible, due to low quantity, comparability, and quality of the studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Existing data for serum PSA reference intervals for TWNBPP without prostate pathology were from four studies and cannot be used to make clinical recommendations. The evidence indicates that GAHT in TWNBPP lowers PSA levels from baseline, below expected levels for age\u2010matched cisgender controls. Not all TWNBPP over the age of 40\u2009years should be offered PSA testing; however, those with a genetic predisposition, family history, or symptoms of prostate cancer, may request or be offered a PSA test. There are currently no clinical PSA thresholds to guide interpretation of PSA levels in TWNBPP when being evaluated for suspected prostate cancer or for those seeking PSA testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.16825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:55:04Z","timestamp":1750640104000},"page":"568-577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Systematic review of PSA reference intervals in the gender diverse population with prostates"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"136","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7961-0420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rose","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Cancer Research  London UK"},{"name":"The Royal Marsden NHS Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1175-7212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rue","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Thomas\u2019 Hospital  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5482-5660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Bancroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Cancer Research  London UK"},{"name":"The Royal Marsden NHS Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalind","family":"Eeles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Cancer Research  London UK"},{"name":"The Royal Marsden NHS Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison May","family":"Berner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Worldwide cancer data \u2010 global cancer statistics for the most common cancers in the world [Internet].2024Available at:https:\/\/www.wcrf.org\/preventing\u2010cancer\/cancer\u2010statistics\/worldwide\u2010cancer\u2010data\/#global\u2010cancer\u2010incidence\u2010in\u2010men. 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