{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:55:16Z","timestamp":1790567716566,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015150","name":"St. Michael's Hospital Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015150","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJU International"],"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n Our objective was to characterize regional bladder remodelling in a rat model of partial bladder outlet obstruction (pBOO) and to evaluate collagen\u2010specific photoacoustic (PA) imaging as a noninvasive tool for detecting early structural and collagen remodelling of the bladder wall.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Female Sprague\u2013Dawley rats underwent nerve\u2010sparing midurethral obstruction or sham surgery and were evaluated at 4 and 8\u2009weeks. Two independent cohorts of 30 rats each were studied. Cohort 1 bladders underwent\n ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n multispectral PA imaging (680\u2013970\u2009nm, 40\u2009MHz) and histologic analysis. A custom spectral unmixing algorithm quantified collagen density across bladder regions (dome, midsection, and neck) and compared it with histologic collagen\u2010to\u2010muscle area ratios. Cohort 2 underwent molecular and biochemical analyses, including hydroxyproline quantification and assessment of collagen\u2010 and matrix\u2010associated gene expression.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n pBOO resulted in significant bladder enlargement, with increased absolute bladder mass and bladder\u2010to\u2010body mass ratios at 4 and 8\u2009weeks (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05). Metabolic cage analysis demonstrated an increased frequency of small\u2010volume voids at 8\u2009weeks, despite preserved mean, maximum, and total voided volumes. Region\u2010specific analysis identified the midsection as the site of greatest collagen accumulation with even greater detrusor muscle expansion, leading to a reduction in the collagen\u2010to\u2010muscle ratio. Molecular markers of collagen and matrix remodelling, along with hydroxyproline content, were significantly elevated, particularly in the midsection.\n Ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n PA imaging quantitatively mapped collagen distribution and demonstrated a strong correlation with histologic collagen\u2010to\u2010muscle ratios (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.75), supporting its validity as a quantitative marker of regional remodelling.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Bladder remodelling in pBOO is spatially heterogeneous, involving coordinated alterations in collagen deposition and detrusor muscle architecture that are most pronounced in the midsection. Collagen\u2010specific PA imaging enables quantitative assessment of these structural changes and represents a promising noninvasive tool for early detection and longitudinal monitoring of obstruction\u2010associated bladder wall remodelling.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.70444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:06:51Z","timestamp":1790564811000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Noninvasive photoacoustic imaging maps collagen and muscle remodelling in bladder outlet obstruction"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4620-3121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Koven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Glickman Urologic Institute Cleveland Clinic Cleveland OH USA"},{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery St.\u00a0Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9542-8597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianzhou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5033-9200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shukai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Farcas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery St.\u00a0Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eno","family":"Hysi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Toronto Metropolitan University Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0054-6607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darren A.","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), a partnership between Toronto Metropolitan University and St. Michael's Hospital Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine St.\u00a0Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(21)00501-2","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of the lower urinary tract","volume":"20","author":"Groat WC","year":"1993","journal-title":"Urol Clin North Am"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-018-0329-4","article-title":"Progressive bladder remodeling due to bladder outlet obstruction: a systematic review of morphological and molecular evidences in humans","volume":"18","author":"Fusco F","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2009.201","article-title":"The bladder extracellular matrix. Part I: architecture, development and disease","volume":"6","author":"Aitken KJ","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6702.762","article-title":"Outcome of elective prostatectomy","volume":"299","author":"Neal DE","year":"1989","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.1996.88213.x","article-title":"The effect of prostatectomy on symptom severity and quality of life","volume":"77","author":"Emberton M","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2019.100144","article-title":"A review of clinical photoacoustic imaging: current and future trends","volume":"16","author":"Attia ABE","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0040783","article-title":"A tutorial in photoacoustic microscopy and tomography signal processing methods","volume":"129","author":"Hysi E","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Appl Phys"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.24.11.116001","article-title":"Photoacoustic simulations of microvascular bleeding: spectral analysis and its application for monitoring vascular\u2010targeted treatments","volume":"24","author":"Fadhel MN","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.136995","article-title":"Photoacoustic imaging of kidney fibrosis for assessing pretransplant organ quality","volume":"5","author":"Hysi E","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1612455","article-title":"Multispectral optoacoustic tomography for assessment of Crohn's disease activity","volume":"376","author":"Knieling F","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16937","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16937","article-title":"High resolution physio\u2010chemical tissue analysis: towards non\u2010invasive in vivo biopsy","volume":"6","author":"Xu G","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2007.06919.x","article-title":"An \u03b1\u2010amino\u20103\u2010hydroxy\u20105\u2010methyl\u20104\u2010isoxazolepropionate glutamate\u2010receptor antagonist can inhibit premicturition contractions in rats with bladder outlet obstruction","volume":"100","author":"Kitta T","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","article-title":"Nerve\u2010sparing mid\u2010urethral obstruction (NeMO) in female small rodents","volume":"122","author":"Sidler M","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/03008880410015156","article-title":"Role of angiogenesis in bladder response to partial outlet obstruction","volume":"38","author":"Levin R","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1369\/00221554211046777","article-title":"Picrosirius red staining: revisiting its application to the qualitative and quantitative assessment of collagen type I and type III in tendon","volume":"69","author":"L\u00f3pez De Padilla CM","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaz4028","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaz4028","article-title":"NUAK1 promotes organ fibrosis via YAP and TGF\u2010\u03b2\/SMAD signaling","volume":"14","author":"Zhang T","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Selective YAP\/TAZ inhibition in fibroblasts via dopamine receptor D1 agonism reverses fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Haak AJ","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"1088","article-title":"Collagen content in the bladder of men with LUTS undergoing open prostatectomy: a pilot study","volume":"37","author":"Averbeck MA","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeurourolUrodyn"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2006.07.131","article-title":"Detrusor quantitative morphometry in obstructed males and controls","volume":"176","author":"Collado A","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.10.061","article-title":"Routine bladder biopsies in men with bladder outlet obstruction?","volume":"63","author":"Horn T","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.09.034","article-title":"Regional biomechanical and histological characterisation of the passive porcine urinary bladder: implications for augmentation and tissue engineering strategies","volume":"30","author":"Korossis S","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(06)00316-8","article-title":"Ultrasound assessment of detrusor thickness in men\u2014can it predict bladder outlet obstruction and replace pressure flow study?","volume":"175","author":"Kessler TM","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2006.12.023","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive tests to evaluate bladder outlet obstruction in men: Detrusor Wall thickness, Uroflowmetry, Postvoid residual urine, and prostate volume","volume":"52","author":"Oelke M","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.01.118","article-title":"Ultrasound measurement of Bladder Wall thickness in the assessment of voiding dysfunction","volume":"179","author":"Blatt AH","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01830217","article-title":"Magnetic resonance Elastography to assess fibrosis in kidney allografts","volume":"12","author":"Kirpalani A","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.03.127","article-title":"Ultrasound shear wave Elastography: a novel method to evaluate bladder pressure","volume":"198","author":"Sturm RM","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","first-page":"E15","article-title":"Acoustic radiation force imaging (ARFI) in the non\u2010distended bladder does not predict abnormal urodynamic parameters in children","volume":"16","author":"Streur CS","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can Urol Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0679-2","article-title":"Effect of renal perfusion and structural heterogeneity on shear wave elastography of the kidney: an in vivo and ex vivo study","volume":"18","author":"Liu X","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22056","article-title":"Transient elastography is unreliable for detection of cirrhosis in patients with acute liver damage","volume":"47","author":"Sagir A","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","article-title":"In vivo photoacoustic tomography of myoglobin oxygen saturation","volume":"21","author":"Lin L","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"}],"container-title":["BJU International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bju.70444","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/bju.70444","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/bju.70444","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:07:02Z","timestamp":1790564822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/bju.70444"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/bju.70444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bju.70444","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1464-4096","1464-410X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1464-4096","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-410X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-09-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"bju.70444"}}