{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T02:44:37Z","timestamp":1791773077508,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BJU International"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review prognostic and treatment\u2010response biomarkers for non\u2010muscle\u2010invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), with particular attention to biological function, specimen type, assay method, statistical evidence, and possible clinical use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a focused narrative search of PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for English\u2010language human studies published from January 2015 to August 2026, supplemented by earlier pivotal studies and reference\u2010list screening. Priority was given to NMIBC cohorts reporting recurrence, progression, survival, or response to intravesical therapy. We considered cohort specificity, sample size, multivariable analysis, testing in an independent population, and assay standardisation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tumour\u2010tissue markers such as stromal antigen 2 (STAG2), fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), fibroblast activation protein\u2010\u03b1, the urokinase plasminogen activator system, and cadherins are linked to chromosomal stability, growth\u2010factor signalling, stromal remodelling, extracellular\u2010matrix invasion, and epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition. Urinary RNAs and plasma circulating tumour DNA permit non\u2010invasive sampling, although results depend on specimen handling and assay conditions. Blood\u2010derived inflammatory indices are inexpensive but non\u2010specific. Most evidence comes from retrospective single\u2010cohort studies; reported effects and cut\u2010offs are not always consistent, and few markers materially improve clinicopathological models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>None of the biomarkers reviewed can currently replace guideline\u2010based risk stratification or cystoscopic surveillance. Future studies should define assays and thresholds prospectively, test them in independent cohorts, and show that adding a biomarker improves prediction and patient management at an acceptable cost.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.70488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T01:45:03Z","timestamp":1791769503000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prognostic biomarkers in non\u2010muscle\u2010invasive bladder cancer: biological basis and evidence"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5535-8001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinghong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology &amp; Nephrology Center, Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital) Hangzhou Medical College  Hangzhou Zhejiang 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Medical College  Hangzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dahong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology &amp; Nephrology Center, Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (Affiliated People's Hospital) Hangzhou Medical College  Hangzhou Zhejiang China"},{"name":"Postgraduate Training Base Alliance of Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Wenzhou Medical University  Wenzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7682-2877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiwei","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine Hangzhou City University  Hangzhou Zhejiang 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