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Disruption of the androgen axis underlies diseases ranging from infertility to castration\u2010resistant prostate cancer, yet current models fail to fully display its multi\u2010organ and hormone\u2010driven complexity. Organoid systems provide a promising platform to model androgen\u2010responsive tissues while preserving three\u2010dimensional structure and cellular heterogeneity, with the ability for long\u2010term culture and cryopreservation. Recent advances have enabled the generation of prostate, testicular, and adrenocortical organoids, offering new opportunities to study androgen receptor signalling, steroidogenesis, and lineage plasticity. Here, we review androgen\u2010driven organoids across the male urogenital axis and discuss emerging strategies to recapitulate endocrine crosstalk. Despite these advances, current models remain reductionist and lack systemic integration. Future efforts toward multi\u2010organ platforms and engineered microenvironments may enable the elucidation of the role of androgen signalling in physiological conditions and disease development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.70502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T09:45:20Z","timestamp":1792489520000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Androgen driven organoids for the male urogenital system"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Anlin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luchen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1888-2000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenghuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyun","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haolin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0343-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Institute of Urology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-030212-183656","article-title":"The androgen receptor in health and disease","volume":"75","author":"Matsumoto T","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajur.2019.10.003","article-title":"The role of the androgen receptor in prostate development and benign prostatic hyperplasia: a review","volume":"7","author":"Vickman RE","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J Urol"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2014.02.012","article-title":"The regulation of spermatogenesis by androgens","volume":"30","author":"Smith LB","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2912","article-title":"Liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry analysis of human adrenal vein 19\u2010carbon steroids before and after ACTH stimulation","volume":"98","author":"Rege J","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-38-5-811","article-title":"Regulation of human hair growth by steroid hormones. 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