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Hence, they serve as model unicellular eukaryotes with which to explore the repertoire of molecular and cellular strategies that specific developmental morphotypes deploy to timely adjust to their host(s) in order to perpetuate. In particular, host tissue\u2010 and cell\u2010invasive morphotypes termed zoites alternate extracellular and intracellular lifestyles, thereby sensing and reacting to a wealth of host\u2010derived biomechanical cues over their partnership. In the recent years, biophysical tools especially related to real time force measurement have been introduced, teaching us how creative are these microbes to shape a unique motility system that powers fast gliding through a variety of extracellular matrices, across cellular barriers, in vascular systems or into host cells. Equally performant was this toolkit to start illuminating how parasites manipulate their hosting cell adhesive and rheological properties to their advantage. In this review, besides highlighting major discoveries along the way, we discuss the most promising development, synergy, and multimodal integration in active noninvasive force microscopy methods. These should in the near future unlock current limitations and allow capturing, from molecules to tissues, the many biomechanical and biophysical interplays over the dynamic host and microbe partnership.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/boc.202300016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T13:44:40Z","timestamp":1685022280000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Fostering innovation to solve the biomechanics of microbe\u2013host interactions: Focus on the adhesive forces underlying Apicomplexa parasite biology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9733-2770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Vigetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Team Biomechanics of Host\u2010Parasite Interactions, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209 University of Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5677-7463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle","family":"Tardieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Team Biomechanics of Host\u2010Parasite Interactions, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209 University of Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1996.0122"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360100485"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1350"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab929"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2301"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9071280"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978\u20100\u201012\u2010394309\u20105.00001\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashkin A.(1997).Optical trapping and manipulation of neutral particles using\u2009lasers | PNAS. 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