{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:19:05Z","timestamp":1790435945118,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biology of the Cell"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background information<\/jats:title><jats:p>Extracellular matrix (ECM)\u2010derived hydrogels are frequently used in three\u2010dimensional (3D) cell culture and organoid formation in several tissues. However, in the 3D cultivation of testicular cells, the hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel has not received as much attention. This study examined the effects of three distinct composites, including HA\u2010alginate (HA\u2010Alg), HA\u2010alginate\u2010collagen (HA\u2010Alg\u2010Col), and HA\u2010alginate\u2010decellularized ECM (HA\u2010Alg\u2010dECM), on mouse testicular cell culture and in vitro spermatogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>For the creation of composites, the concentration of biomaterials used was 0.5% HA, 1% alginate, 2.5\u00a0mg\/mL collagen, and 25\u00a0mg\/mL dECM derived from the testicles of Rams. After 3D culture of 5 days post\u2010partum (dpp) mouse testicular cells for 14 days, HA\u2010Alg was selected as a superior composite due to the greater number and size of the produced organoids. Then, cell culture was rerun by HA\u2010Alg for 14 days, which was later extended for an additional 28 days. In addition, the 3D culture of 10 dpp mouse testicular cells was used to compare with 5 dpp mice on day 14. The morphology and gene expression were analyzed using appropriate techniques.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>On day 14, the HA\u2010Alg hydrogel showed significantly more organoids in terms of size and number than the other two groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05); nevertheless, none of the groups showed the expected signs of testis organoids. Remarkably, on day 14, the histology and immunostaining tests revealed features of hepatocyte\u2010like cells (HLCs) and albumin production as a marker of HLC functionality. Furthermore, the analysis of gene expression verified the significant expression of angiogenesis markers (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). After the extended culture to 28 days, 5 dpp testicular cells once more differentiated into erythrocytes and HLCs, while a small number of organoids showed the characteristic of renal cells. Cell culture of 10 dpp mice for 14 days showed a wide range of cell lineages, including renal, glandular, chondrocyte, and hepatocyte\u2010like cells in comparison to the 5 dpp mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion and significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>While the HA\u2010Alg composite did not support spermatogenesis in the 3D culture of mouse testicular cells, it demonstrated an unpredicted potential for promoting the differentiation of neonate mouse testicular cells into HLC, erythrocytes, and other cell lineages.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/boc.202400049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T06:30:58Z","timestamp":1724481058000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hyaluronic acid\u2010alginate hydrogel stimulates the differentiation of neonatal mouse testicular cells into hepatocyte\u2010like and other cell lineages in three\u2010dimensional culture"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"116","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6241-6904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leila Rashki","family":"Ghaleno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Biology Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Medical Technologies Royan Institute ACECR  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Embryology Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine ACECR  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Amin","family":"Hajari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Engineering Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology ACECR  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud Alipour","family":"Choshali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology ACECR  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham Abed","family":"Heidari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Embryology Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine ACECR  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9615-4586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdolhossein","family":"Shahverdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Embryology Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine ACECR  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8500-4208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiva","family":"Alipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science and Technology Faculty of Medicine Aalborg University  Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojtaba Rezazadeh","family":"Valojerdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Embryology Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine ACECR  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy Faculty of Medical Sciences Tarbiat Modares University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856\u2010017\u20105974\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.02.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8216312"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.2010.956870"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/682326"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1008\u2010682x.143739"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14713"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7092"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1008\u2010682x.148072"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2013040367"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1758\u20105090\/ab9907"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004180050004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703723104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000269182.22798.d9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40716"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3858\/emm.2012.44.4.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/REP\u201020\u20100499"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.12.071"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015\u2010020\u201009993\u20106"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Role 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